Category: flavoring agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: | yellow clear viscous liquid (est) |
Assay: | 95.00 to 100.00 %
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Additional Assay Information: | polymerizes readly |
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
Boiling Point: | 72.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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Acid Value: | 10.00 max. KOH/g
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Vapor Pressure: | 120.930000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
Flash Point: | 36.00 °F. TCC ( 2.22 °C. )
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logP (o/w): | -1.500 |
Soluble in: |
| alcohol | | water, 1e+006 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Organoleptic Properties:
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Odor Type: caramellic |
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| sweet acidic ethereal brown rummy |
Odor Description: at 1.00 % in propylene glycol. | sweet acidic ethereal brown rum |
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| sweet acidic ethereal brown rummy |
Odor Description:
| Sweet, acidic, etherial, brown, with a rummy nuance Mosciano, Gerard P&F 17, No. 5, 127, (1992) |
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Flavor Type: caramellic |
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| sweet caramellic dairy creamy |
Taste Description: at 0.10 %. | Sweet, caramellic with a dairy creamy nuance Mosciano, Gerard P&F 17, No. 5, 127, (1992) |
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Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View |
European information : |
Most important hazard(s): | Xn - Harmful. |
R 11 - Highly flammable. R 22 - Harmful if swallowed. R 36 - Irritating to eyes. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 16 - Keep away from sources of ignition - No Smoking. S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 37/39 - Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.
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Hazards identification |
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Classification of the substance or mixture |
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
None found. |
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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Pictogram | |
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Hazard statement(s) |
None found. |
Precautionary statement(s) |
None found. |
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-rat LD50 1165 mg/kg Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Vol. 2, Pg. 369, 1978.
intravenous-mouse LD50 252 mg/kg Cesko-Slovenska Farmacie. Vol. 15, Pg. 300, 1966.
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 179 mg/kg National Cancer Institute Screening Program Data Summary, Developmental Therapeutics Program. Vol. JAN1986
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Dermal Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Inhalation Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: | flavoring agents |
Recommendation for pyruvaldehyde usage levels up to: | | not for fragrance use.
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Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 99.00 (μg/capita/day) |
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 3.00 (μg/capita/day) |
Structure Class: | I |
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
publication number: 3 |
Click here to view publication 3 |
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
baked goods: | 0.03000 | 5.00000 |
beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 1.00000 |
beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
breakfast cereal: | - | - |
cheese: | - | - |
chewing gum: | - | - |
condiments / relishes: | - | - |
confectionery froastings: | - | - |
egg products: | - | - |
fats / oils: | - | - |
fish products: | - | - |
frozen dairy: | - | 1.00000 |
fruit ices: | - | 1.00000 |
gelatins / puddings: | - | - |
granulated sugar: | - | - |
gravies: | - | - |
hard candy: | 0.03000 | 5.00000 |
imitation dairy: | - | - |
instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
jams / jellies: | - | - |
meat products: | - | - |
milk products: | - | - |
nut products: | - | - |
other grains: | - | - |
poultry: | - | - |
processed fruits: | - | - |
processed vegetables: | - | - |
reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
snack foods: | - | - |
soft candy: | - | - |
soups: | - | - |
sugar substitutes: | - | - |
sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| acetalformaldehyde | | acetyl formaldehyde | | acetylformaldehyde | | acetylformyl | | aldehyde, pyruvic | | glycidylaldehyde | | glyoxal, methyl | | methyl glyoxal | | methyl-glyoxal | | methylglyoxal | 2-oxo | propanal | 2-oxo- | propanal | | propanal, 2-oxo- | 1,2- | propanedione | 2-keto | propionaldehyde | 2-oxo | propionaldehyde | 2-oxo- | propionaldehyde | a-keto | propionaldehyde | keto | propionaldehyde | | propionaldehyde, 2-keto | | propionaldehyde, 2-oxo- | a-keto | propionic aldehyde | alpha-keto | propionic aldehyde | | PVL | | pyroracemic aldehyde | | pyruvaldehyde 40% solution in water | | pyruvic aldehyde | | pyruvicaldehyde |
Articles:
PubMed: | Formation of 4(5)-methylimidazole and its precursors, α-dicarbonyl compounds, in Maillard model systems. |
J-Stage: | Cleavage of a-Dicarbonyl Compounds by Terpene Hydroperoxide |
PubMed: | Cytotoxicity of α-dicarbonyl compounds submitted to in vitro simulated digestion process. |
PubMed: | Response surface methodology as optimization strategy for reduction of reactive carbonyl species in foods by means of phenolic chemistry. |
PubMed: | Effect of in vitro digestion on free α-dicarbonyl compounds in balsamic vinegars. |
PubMed: | Reactivity of thermally treated α-dicarbonyl compounds. |
PubMed: | Effects of monascin on anti-inflammation mediated by Nrf2 activation in advanced glycation end product-treated THP-1 monocytes and methylglyoxal-treated wistar rats. |
PubMed: | Determination of toxic α-dicarbonyl compounds, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and diacetyl, released to the headspace of lipid commodities upon heat treatment. |
PubMed: | Antiglycative effect of fruit and vegetable seed extracts: inhibition of AGE formation and carbonyl-trapping abilities. |
PubMed: | Non-enzymatic glycation of melamine with sugars and sugar like compounds. |
PubMed: | Studies on the formation of methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone in Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey. |
PubMed: | Resveratrol upregulates Nrf2 expression to attenuate methylglyoxal-induced insulin resistance in Hep G2 cells. |
PubMed: | Trapping of methylglyoxal by curcumin in cell-free systems and in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. |
PubMed: | 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in commonly consumed foods. |
PubMed: | Classification and characterization of manuka honeys based on phenolic compounds and methylglyoxal. |
PubMed: | Short communication: Evidence for methylglyoxal-mediated browning of Parmesan cheese during low temperature storage. |
PubMed: | Flavour chemistry of methylglyoxal and glyoxal. |
PubMed: | Survey of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in commercial honey of different floral origin. |
PubMed: | Effect of coffee filtrate, methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and caffeine on Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis survival in ground chicken breasts. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal, advanced glycation end products and autism: is there a connection? |
PubMed: | Phlorotannins from brown algae (Fucus vesiculosus) inhibited the formation of advanced glycation endproducts by scavenging reactive carbonyls. |
PubMed: | Formation of early and advanced Maillard reaction products correlates to the ripening of cheese. |
PubMed: | Chemical modifications of peptides and their impact on food properties. |
PubMed: | Cranberry phytochemicals inhibit glycation of human hemoglobin and serum albumin by scavenging reactive carbonyls. |
PubMed: | Efficiency of trapping methylglyoxal by phenols and phenolic acids. |
PubMed: | Formation of arginine modifications in a model system of Nα-tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-arginine with methylglyoxal. |
PubMed: | Bacterial metabolic 'toxins': a new mechanism for lactose and food intolerance, and irritable bowel syndrome. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal content in drinking coffee as a cytotoxic factor. |
PubMed: | Maternally transmitted and food-derived glycotoxins: a factor preconditioning the young to diabetes? |
PubMed: | Beneficial effects of cinnamon proanthocyanidins on the formation of specific advanced glycation endproducts and methylglyoxal-induced impairment on glucose consumption. |
PubMed: | Carbonyl compounds methylglyoxal and glyoxal affect interleukin-8 secretion in intestinal cells by superoxide anion generation and activation of MAPK p38. |
PubMed: | Analysis, distribution, and dietary exposure of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in cookies and their relationship with other heat-induced contaminants. |
PubMed: | Stilbene glucoside from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a novel natural inhibitor of advanced glycation end product formation by trapping of methylglyoxal. |
PubMed: | Carbonated soft drinks and carbonyl stress burden. |
PubMed: | Characterization and the possible formation mechanism of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in aromatic vegetable soybean (Glycine max L.). |
PubMed: | Food derived carbonyl compounds affect basal and stimulated secretion of interleukin-6 and -8 in Caco-2 cells. |
PubMed: | Protein glycation inhibitors from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. |
PubMed: | Inhibitory effect of vanillic acid on methylglyoxal-mediated glycation in apoptotic Neuro-2A cells. |
PubMed: | Biosynthetic mechanism of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and its relationship with Delta1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid and methylglyoxal in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) callus. |
PubMed: | Identification and monitoring of intermediates and products in the acrylamide pathway using online analysis. |
PubMed: | Formate excretion in urine of rats fed dimethylaminoazobenzene-rich diets: the possibility of formate formation from D-lactate. |
PubMed: | Formation of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone through methylglyoxal: a Maillard reaction intermediate. |
PubMed: | Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of the site specificity of modification of beta-casein by glucose and methylglyoxal. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal: its presence and potential scavengers. |
PubMed: | Cytoprotective effects of phenolic acids on methylglyoxal-induced apoptosis in Neuro-2A cells. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal: its presence in beverages and potential scavengers. |
PubMed: | Formation of pyrazines and a novel pyrrole in Maillard model systems of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone and 2-oxopropanal. |
PubMed: | Cinnamon bark proanthocyanidins as reactive carbonyl scavengers to prevent the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. |
PubMed: | Identification and quantification of methylglyoxal as the dominant antibacterial constituent of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honeys from New Zealand. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal and other carbohydrate metabolites induce lanthanum-sensitive Ca2+ transients and inhibit growth in E. coli. |
PubMed: | Isolation and determination of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds by RP-HPLC-DAD in green and roasted coffee. |
PubMed: | Determination of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in environmental and biological matrices by stir bar sorptive extraction with in-situ derivatization. |
PubMed: | Reducing the formation of glucose degradation products in peritoneal dialysis solutions by ultrahigh temperature ohmic heating. |
PubMed: | Synthesis of 1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid produced by L-lysine-epsilon-aminotransferase from the Streptomyces clavuligerus gene expressed in Escherichia coli. |
PubMed: | Changes in the volatile composition of a semihard ewe milk cheese induced by high-pressure treatment of 300 MPa. |
PubMed: | Effects of high pressure treatment on volatile profile during ripening of ewe milk cheese. |
PubMed: | Investigations on the promoting effect of ammonium hydrogencarbonate on the formation of acrylamide in model systems. |
PubMed: | Characterization of the glyoxalase I gene from the vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. |
PubMed: | Trapping reactions of reactive carbonyl species with tea polyphenols in simulated physiological conditions. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal in food and living organisms. |
PubMed: | Free glutamine as a major precursor of brown products and fluorophores in Maillard reaction systems. |
PubMed: | Epicatechin carbonyl-trapping reactions in aqueous maillard systems: Identification and structural elucidation. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal-derived beta-carbolines formed from tryptophan and its derivates in the Maillard reaction. |
PubMed: | Identification of DNA adducts of methylglyoxal. |
PubMed: | Application of semiquantitative proteomics techniques to the maillard reaction. |
PubMed: | Evaluation of advanced glycation end products and carbonyl compounds in patients with different conditions of oxidative stress. |
PubMed: | D-lactate metabolism in starved Octopus ocellatus. |
PubMed: | Determination of methylglyoxal in ruminal fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorometric detection. |
PubMed: | Formation of genotoxic dicarbonyl compounds in dietary oils upon oxidation. |
PubMed: | Evidence that high-dose L-arginine may be inappropriate for use by diabetic patients as a prophylactic blocker of methylglyoxal glycation. |
PubMed: | Dietary glycotoxins correlate with circulating advanced glycation end product levels in renal failure patients. |
PubMed: | Kinetic modelling of Amadori N-(1-deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-glycine degradation pathways. Part I--reaction mechanism. |
PubMed: | Improved superoxide-generating system suitable for the assessment of the superoxide-scavenging ability of aqueous extracts of food constituents using ultraweak chemiluminescence. |
PubMed: | Inflammatory mediators are induced by dietary glycotoxins, a major risk factor for diabetic angiopathy. |
PubMed: | Possible mechanism for involvement of cysteine in aroma production in wine. |
PubMed: | Qualitative determination of specific protein glycation products by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry Peptide mapping. |
PubMed: | Carbohydrate and amino acid degradation pathways in L-methionine/D-[13C] glucose model systems. |
PubMed: | N(delta)-(5-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine-2-yl)-l-ornithine, a novel methylglyoxal-arginine modification in beer. |
PubMed: | Inhibition of gastric mucosal damage by methylglyoxal pretreatment in rats. |
PubMed: | Origin of carbohydrate degradation products in L-Alanine/D-[(13)C]glucose model systems. |
PubMed: | Performance of a 62Zn/62Cu generator in clinical trials of PET perfusion agent 62Cu-PTSM. |
PubMed: | Origin of 2,3-pentanedione and 2,3-butanedione in D-glucose/L-alanine Maillard model systems. |
PubMed: | Toxicity of low levels of methylglyoxal: depletion of blood glutathione and adverse effect on glucose tolerance in mice. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal modification of protein. Chemical and immunochemical characterization of methylglyoxal-arginine adducts. |
PubMed: | Generation and the fate of C2, C3, and C4 reactive fragments formed in Maillard model systems of [13C]glucose and [13C]glycine or proline. |
PubMed: | Protein modification by a Maillard reaction intermediate methylglyoxal. Immunochemical detection of fluorescent 5-methylimidazolone derivatives in vivo. |
PubMed: | Relative hepatotoxicity of 2-(substituted phenyl)thiazoles and substituted thiobenzamides in mice: evidence for the involvement of thiobenzamides as ring cleavage metabolites in the hepatotoxicity of 2-phenylthiazoles. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal and regulation of its metabolism in microorganisms. |
PubMed: | Analysis of the potential carcinogenicity of coffee and its related compounds in a medium-term liver bioassay of rats. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal and lipid hydroxperoxide as endogenous cytotoxic molecular species: detoxification and regulation of gene expression in yeasts. |
PubMed: | Glyoxalase I in micro-organisms: molecular characteristics, genetics and biochemical regulation. |
PubMed: | Concentrations of D-lactate and its related metabolic intermediates in liver, blood, and muscle of diabetic and starved rats. |
PubMed: | 2-Oxoaldehyde metabolism in microorganisms. |
PubMed: | Contribution of coffee aroma constituents to the mutagenicity of coffee. |
PubMed: | L-alanine: 4,5-dioxovalerate aminotransferase from Pseudomonas riboflavina: purification and inactivation by methylglyoxal. |
PubMed: | Metabolism of 2-oxoaldehyde in mold. Purification and characterization of two methylglyoxal reductases from Aspergillus niger. |
PubMed: | Metabolism of 2-ketoaldehydes in mold: purification and characterization of glyoxalase I from Aspergillus niger. |
PubMed: | Simple and sensitive determination of methylglyoxal in biological samples by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. |
PubMed: | Mutagens in coffee and other beverages. |
PubMed: | Methylglyoxal in beverages and foods: its mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. |
PubMed: | Mutagens and carcinogens in foods. |
PubMed: | Bacterial mutagenicity of natural materials, pyrolysis products and additives in foodstuffs and their association with genotoxic effects in mammals. |
PubMed: | Rapid, sensitive assay for staphylococcal enterotoxin and a comparison of serological methods. |
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