Category: cosmetic, flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: | white crystalline powder (est) |
Assay: | 98.00 to 100.00 %
|
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | Yes |
Melting Point: | 82.00 to 84.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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Boiling Point: | 200.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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Vapor Pressure: | 0.001000 mm/Hg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
Flash Point: | > 200.00 °F. TCC ( > 93.33 °C. )
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logP (o/w): | 1.309 (est) |
Shelf Life: | 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly. |
Storage: | store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
Soluble in: |
| alcohol | | dipropylene glycol | | propylene glycol | | water, very slightly | | water, 1.346e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Insoluble in: |
| paraffin oil | | isopropyl myristate |
Organoleptic Properties:
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Odor Type: berry |
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Odor Strength: | medium , recommend smelling in a 10.00 % solution or less |
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Substantivity: | 400 hour(s) at 20.00 % in dipropylene glycol |
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| sweet berry jammy raspberry ripe floral |
Odor Description: at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. | sweet berry jam raspberry ripe floral Luebke, William tgsc, (1992) |
|
| berry sweet woody raspberry ripe jammy seedy |
Odor Description:
| Berry, sweet, woody and raspberry with a ripe, jammy, seedy character Mosciano, Gerard P&F 22, No. 1, 57, (1997) |
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Flavor Type: berry |
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| fruity jammy berry raspberry blueberry seedy cotton candy |
Taste Description: at 40.00 ppm. | Fruity, jammy, berry, raspberry and blueberry with seedy, cotton candy nuances Mosciano, Gerard P&F 22, No. 1, 57, (1997) |
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Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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Moellhausen |
RASPBERRY KETONE |
Odor Description: | fruity, sweet, powder |
Taste Description: | strong, fruity, raspberry in dilution |
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PerfumersWorld |
Raspberry Ketone |
Odor Description: | sweet berry jam raspberry woody and ripe with floral nuance fruity sweet raspberry powdery vanilla |
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Pell Wall Perfumes |
Raspberry Ketone |
Odor Description: | Sweet, fruity-raspberry, jam-like, warm, woody Arctander says: “This ketone is used in perfume compositions, particularly in Jasmin, Gardenia, Tuberose, etc. where floral notes need fruity undertones, or where fruity notes need fixation and supporting delicate sweetness.
One known Jasmin speciality contains a considerable proportion of this material in its ‘fruit- preserve-like’ undertones and terminal notes.” |
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Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
A.C.S. International |
Raspberry Ketone
Odor: fruity jammy berry raspberry seedy |
Operational Capabilities |
Advanced Biotech |
RASPBERRY KETONE NATURAL
99% min. Odor: Fruity, Raspberry |
Advanced Biotech |
RASPBERRY KETONE SYNTHETIC
99% min. Odor: Fruity, Raspberry |
Alfrebro |
RASPBERRY KETONE NATURAL
Odor: Floral, Aromatic |
Ambles Nature et Chimie |
RASPBERRY KETONE NAT
|
Anhui Haibei |
Raspberry Ketone natural
Odor: Sweet berry jam raspberry woody ripe floral |
Anhui Haibei |
Raspberry Ketone
Odor: Sweet berry jam raspberry woody ripe floral |
Aromiens International |
Raspberry Ketone , Natural
|
Artiste |
Raspberry Ketone Natural
|
Astral Extracts |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Augustus Oils |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Services |
Aurochemicals |
RASPBERRY KETONE, Natural
|
Axxence Aromatic |
RASPBERRY KETONE Natural
Kosher |
Sustainability |
Beijing Lys Chemicals |
4-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone
|
Beijing Lys Chemicals |
Natural rasperry ketone
|
Bell Flavors & Fragrances |
Natural Raspberry Ketone
|
Berjé |
Raspberry Ketone Natural
|
Happening at Berje |
Berjé |
Raspberry Ketone
|
BOC Sciences |
For experimental / research use only. |
4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone >98%
|
Citrus and Allied Essences |
Raspberry Ketone recrystallized
Odor: fruity and warm odor resembling raspberry. |
Market Report |
Creatingperfume.com |
Raspberry Ketone Natural
|
De Monchy Aromatics |
raspberry ketone natural
|
De Monchy Aromatics |
Raspberry Ketone
|
ECSA Chemicals |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Company Profile |
Elan Inc. |
RASPBERRY KETONE
(natural), Kosher |
Ernesto Ventós |
RASPBERRY KETONE NATURAL
Odor: SWEET-FRUITY, RASPBERRY-LIKE |
Ernesto Ventós |
RASPBERRY KETONE
Odor: SWEET-FRUITY, RASPBERRY-LIKE |
Excellentia International |
Raspberry Ketone Natural
|
Excellentia International |
Raspberry Ketone
|
ExtraSynthese |
For experimental / research use only. |
4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone
|
Fleurchem |
raspberry ketone natural
|
Fleurchem |
raspberry ketone
|
Fuzhou Farwell |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Fuzhou Farwell |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Global Essence |
Raspberry Ketone Natural
|
Global Essence |
Raspberry Ketone
|
H. Interdonati, Inc. |
Raspberry Ketone Natural, Kosher
|
Featured Products |
Indenta Group |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Indukern F&F |
RASPBERRY KETONE FCC
Odor: RASPBERRY, SWEET, FRUITY |
Indukern F&F |
RASPBERRY KETONE NATURAL
Odor: RASPBERRY, SWEET, FRUITY |
Jiangyin Healthway |
Raspberry Ketone Natural99%
|
New functional food ingredients |
Jiangyin Healthway |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Jiangyin Healthway |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Kingchem Laboratories |
4 HYDROXY PHENYL-2-BUTANONE
|
Kun Shan P&A |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Kunshan Sainty |
Raspberry Ketone, Kosher
|
Kunshan Sainty |
Raspberry Ketone, Natural
|
Lluch Essence |
RASPBERRY KETONE FCC
|
Lluch Essence |
RASPBERRY KETONE NATURAL
|
M&U International |
NAT.RASPBERRY KETONE, Kosher
|
M&U International |
RASPBERRY KETONE, Kosher
|
Moellhausen |
RASPBERRY KETONE
Odor: fruity, sweet, powder Flavor: strong, fruity, raspberry in dilution |
O'Laughlin Industries |
RASPBERRY KETONE
|
Omega Ingredients |
Raspberry Ketone Natural >98%
|
OQEMA |
Raspberry Ketone natural
|
OQEMA |
Raspberry Ketone
|
OQEMA |
Raspberry Ketone
|
PCW France |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Steps to a fragranced product |
Pearlchem Corporation |
Natural Raspberry Ketone
|
Pearlchem Corporation |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Pell Wall Perfumes |
Raspberry Ketone
Odor: Sweet, fruity-raspberry, jam-like, warm, woody Use: Arctander says: “This ketone is used in perfume compositions, particularly in Jasmin, Gardenia, Tuberose, etc. where floral notes need fruity undertones, or where fruity notes need fixation and supporting delicate sweetness.
One known Jasmin speciality contains a considerable proportion of this material in its ‘fruit- preserve-like’ undertones and terminal notes.” |
Penta International |
RASPBERRY KETONE, Kosher
|
Penta International |
RASPBERRY KETONE, NATURAL, Kosher
|
PerfumersWorld |
Raspberry ketone 10% in DPG
|
PerfumersWorld |
Raspberry Ketone
Odor: sweet berry jam raspberry woody and ripe with floral nuance fruity sweet raspberry powdery vanilla |
Perfumery Laboratory |
RASPBERRY KETONE
Odor: Fresh, sweet, powdery scent of berries fresh raspberries |
Phoenix Aromas & Essential Oils |
Raspberry Ketone Natural
|
Phoenix Aromas & Essential Oils |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Prasad Organics |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Prinova |
Raspberry Ketone Natural
|
Prodasynth |
RASPBERRY KETONE > 99
Odor: SWEET-FRUITY, RASPBERRY-LIKE |
R C Treatt & Co Ltd |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Reincke & Fichtner |
4-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone natural
|
Reincke & Fichtner |
4-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone
|
Risun Ingredients |
Raspberry Ketones 99.5% min
|
Sigma-Aldrich |
4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, ≥98%, FCC, FG
Odor: fruity; raspberry; sweet |
Certified Food Grade Products |
Sigma-Aldrich |
4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, natural, ≥98%, FCC, FG
Odor: fruity; raspberry; sweet |
Sunaux International |
nat.Raspberry Ketone
|
Sunaux International |
Raspberry Ketone
|
Synerzine |
4-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone
|
TCI AMERICA |
For experimental / research use only. |
4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone >99.0%(GC)
|
Tengzhou Xiang Yuan Aroma Chemicals |
Raspberry Ketone
|
The John D. Walsh Company |
Raspberry Ketone
|
The Lermond Company |
Raspberry Ketone
|
The Perfumers Apprentice |
Raspberry ketone ( raspberry crystals )
Odor: Very sweet fruity warm odor of raspberry preserves |
The Perfumers Apprentice |
Raspberry Ketone 10% (PG)
|
Vigon International |
Raspberry Ketone (Oxyphenylon)
Odor: SWEET-FRUITY, RASPBERRY-LIKE |
Vigon International |
Raspberry Ketone Natural
Odor: SWEET-FRUITY, RASPBERRY-LIKE |
Wanxiang International |
Raspberry Ketone
Odor: sweet berry jam raspberry ripe floral |
WEN International |
RASPBERRY KETONE Natural
|
WEN International |
RASPBERRY KETONE
Synthetic |
WholeChem |
4-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone
|
Zanos |
Raspberry Ketone
Odor: sweet berry jam, rasberry ripe, floral |
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View |
European information : |
Most important hazard(s): | Xn - Harmful. |
R 22 - Harmful if swallowed. R 36/38 - Irritating to skin and eyes. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 36 - Wear suitable protective clothing.
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Hazards identification |
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Classification of the substance or mixture |
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 4), H302
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GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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Pictogram | |
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Signal word | Warning |
Hazard statement(s) |
H302 - Harmful if swallowed
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Precautionary statement(s) |
P264 - Wash skin thouroughly after handling. P270 - Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P301 + P312 - IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. P330 - Rinse mouth. P501 - Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
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Human Experience: |
12 % solution: no irritation or sensitization. |
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
gavage-rat LD50 [sex: M,F] M: 1320 mg/kg (Gaunt et al., 1970)
intraperitoneal-rat LD50 350 mg/kg Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 8, Pg. 349, 1970.
oral-rat LD50 > 5000 mg/kg (Mc Gee Laboratories, Inc., 1974)
gavage-rat LD50 [sex: M,F] F: 1400 mg/kg (Gaunt et al., 1970)
oral-rat LD50 1320 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)
BEHAVIORAL: ANALGESIA Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 8, Pg. 349, 1970.
intraperitoneal-rat LD50 350 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)
BEHAVIORAL: ANALGESIA Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 8, Pg. 349, 1970.
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Dermal Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Inhalation Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: | cosmetic, flavor and fragrance agents |
Recommendation for raspberry ketone usage levels up to: | | 8.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
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Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 2400.00 (μg/capita/day) |
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 3800.00 (μg/capita/day) |
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
publication number: 3 |
Click here to view publication 3 |
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
baked goods: | - | 54.00000 |
beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 16.00000 |
beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
breakfast cereal: | - | - |
cheese: | - | - |
chewing gum: | 40.00000 | 320.00000 |
condiments / relishes: | - | - |
confectionery froastings: | - | - |
egg products: | - | - |
fats / oils: | - | - |
fish products: | - | - |
frozen dairy: | - | 34.00000 |
fruit ices: | - | 34.00000 |
gelatins / puddings: | 5.00000 | 50.00000 |
granulated sugar: | - | - |
gravies: | - | - |
hard candy: | - | 44.00000 |
imitation dairy: | - | - |
instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
jams / jellies: | - | - |
meat products: | - | - |
milk products: | - | - |
nut products: | - | - |
other grains: | - | - |
poultry: | - | - |
processed fruits: | - | - |
processed vegetables: | - | - |
reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
snack foods: | - | - |
soft candy: | - | - |
soups: | - | - |
sugar substitutes: | - | - |
sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
European Food Safety Athority(efsa): | Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... |
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 22 (FGE.22): Ring-substituted phenolic substances from chemical groups 21 and 25 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) View page or View pdf |
Flavouring Group Evaluation 58 (FGE.58) Consideration of phenol derivatives evaluated by JECFA (55th meeting) structurally related to ring substituted phenolic substances evaluated by EFSA in FGE.22 (2006) (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) View page or View pdf |
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 22, Revision 1 (FGE.22Rev1): Ring-substituted phenolic substances from chemical groups 21 and 25 View page or View pdf |
Safety and efficacy of aromatic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters belonging to chemical group 21 when used as flavourings for all animal species View page or View pdf |
EPI System: | View |
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): | 5471-51-2 |
EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 21648 |
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
WGK Germany: | 2 |
| 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one |
Chemidplus: | 0005471512 |
RTECS: | EL8925000 for cas# 5471-51-2 |
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| butan-2-one, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- | 2- | butanone, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- | 2- | butanone, 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)- | 4-(3-oxo | butyl) phenol | 4-(3-oxo | butyl)phenol | | frambinone | p- | hydrobenzyl acetone | para- | hydrobenzyl acetone | 4 | hydroxy phenyl-2-butanone | 4- | hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one | 4-(4- | hydroxy-phenyl)-butan-2-one | p- | hydroxybenzyl acetone | para- | hydroxybenzyl acetone | (p- | hydroxybenzyl)acetone | 4- | hydroxybenzylacetone | p- | hydroxybenzylacetone | 1-p- | hydroxyphenyl-3-butanone | 1-para- | hydroxyphenyl-3-butanone | 4-(4- | hydroxyphenyl) butan-2-one | 4-(4- | hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone | 4-(p- | hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone | 4-(para- | hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone | 4-(4- | hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone natural | 1-(4- | hydroxyphenyl)-3-butanone | 1-(p- | hydroxyphenyl)-3-butanone | 1-(para- | hydroxyphenyl)-3-butanone | 4-(para- | hydroxyphenyl)2-butanone | 4-(4- | hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one | 4-(p- | hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one | 2-(4- | hydroxyphenyl)ethyl methyl ketone | | hydroxyphenylbutanone, p- | | N 112 | | N112 | | oxanone | oxy | phenylon | | rasketone | nat. | raspberry ketone | | raspberry ketone (natural) | | raspberry ketone FCC | | raspberry ketone natural | | raspberry ketone recrystallized | | raspberry ketone synthetic | | raspberry keytone | | rastone | | rheosmin |
Articles:
Info: | Raspberry Ketone |
PubMed: | Raspberry ketone promotes the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 stem cells into osteoblasts. |
PubMed: | Raspberry ketone protects rats fed high-fat diets against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. |
PubMed: | Characterization of raspberry ketone/zingerone synthase, catalyzing the alpha, beta-hydrogenation of phenylbutenones in raspberry fruits. |
PubMed: | Field trials of solid triple lure (trimedlure, methyl eugenol, raspberry ketone, and DDVP) dispensers for detection and male annihilation of Ceratitis capitata, Bactrocera dorsalis, and Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii. |
PubMed: | The metabolism of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one (raspberry ketone) in rats, guinea-pigs and rabbits. |
PubMed: | A labeling study to elucidate the biosynthesis of 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (raspberry ketone) by Nidula niveo-tomentosa. |
PubMed: | Evaluation of in Vitro and in Vivo Depigmenting Activity of Raspberry Ketone from Rheum officinale. |
PubMed: | Effect of essential oils, such as raspberry ketone and its derivatives, on antiandrogenic activity based on in vitro reporter gene assay. |
PubMed: | Raspberry ketone increases both lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. |
PubMed: | Microbial production of 4-hydroxybenzylidene acetone, the direct precursor of raspberry ketone. |
PubMed: | Raspberry ketone from submerged cultured cells of the basidiomycete Nidula niveo-tomentosa. |
PubMed: | Microbial production of natural raspberry ketone. |
PubMed: | Effect of topical application of raspberry ketone on dermal production of insulin-like growth factor-I in mice and on hair growth and skin elasticity in humans. |
PubMed: | Anti-obese action of raspberry ketone. |
PubMed: | Field captures of wild melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) with an improved male attractant, raspberry ketone formate. |
PubMed: | Recent advances in methyl eugenol and cue-lure technologies for fruit fly detection, monitoring, and control in Hawaii. |
PubMed: | Production and elicitation of benzalacetone and the raspberry ketone in cell suspension cultures of Rubus idaeus. |
PubMed: | Biotransformation of raspberry ketone and zingerone by cultured cells of Phytolacca americana. |
PubMed: | Synomone or kairomone?--Bulbophyllum apertum flower releases raspberry ketone to attract Bactrocera fruit flies. |
PubMed: | Stable isotope characterization of raspberry ketone extracted from Taxus baccata and obtained by oxidation of the accompanying alcohol (Betuligenol). |
PubMed: | Natural Abundance (2)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Origin of Raspberry Ketone. |
PubMed: | Characterization of headspace aroma compounds of freshly brewed arabica coffees and studies on a characteristic aroma compound of Ethiopian coffee. |
PubMed: | [Determination of four n-butyrophenone compounds contained in rhubarb using RP-HPLC]. |
PubMed: | Dietary exposure to flavouring substances: from screening methods to detailed assessments using food consumption data collected with EPIC-Soft software. |
PubMed: | [Non-taxoid chemical constituents from needles of Taxus cuspidata]. |
PubMed: | Frequently asked questions of the Academy's knowledge center. |
PubMed: | Eight weeks of supplementation with a multi-ingredient weight loss product enhances body composition, reduces hip and waist girth, and increases energy levels in overweight men and women. |
PubMed: | Environmental and seasonal influences on red raspberry flavour volatiles and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes. |
PubMed: | Trap capture of three economically important fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae): evaluation of a solid formulation containing multiple male lures in a Hawaiian coffee field. |
PubMed: | Ultra-performance LC-photodiode array-eλ-ESI-MS/MS screening method for the detection of radical-scavenging natural antioxidants from radix et rhizoma Rhei. |
PubMed: | Characterization of the bound volatile extract from baby kiwi (Actinidia arguta). |
PubMed: | Analysis of the headspace volatiles of freshly brewed arabica coffee using solid-phase microextraction. |
PubMed: | Response of melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to weathered SPLAT-Spinosad-Cue-Lure. |
PubMed: | Rheosmin, a naturally occurring phenolic compound inhibits LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW264.7 cells by blocking NF-kappaB activation pathway. |
PubMed: | Purification and biological evaluation of the metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. TK-VL_333. |
PubMed: | Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activity of fourteen Kampo formulas and inhibitory constituents of Tokaku-joki-to. |
PubMed: | Evaluation of methyl eugenol and cue-lure traps with solid lure and insecticide dispensers for fruit fly monitoring and male annihilation in the Hawaii Areawide Pest Management Program. |
PubMed: | Stress response of Nidula niveo-tomentosa to UV-A light. |
PubMed: | Phenols from the roots of Rheum palmatum attenuate chemotaxis in rat hepatic stellate cells. |
PubMed: | Dual-enzyme cascade--an amplified method for the detection of alkaline phosphatase. |
PubMed: | Volatile composition in raspberry cultivars grown in the Pacific Northwest determined by stir bar sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the barrier properties of polyamide-6 films. |
PubMed: | Lipolytic effects of citrus peel oils and their components. |
PubMed: | Aroma extract dilution analysis of cv. Meeker (Rubus idaeus L.) red raspberries from Oregon and Washington. |
PubMed: | Cytotoxic and DNA damage-inducing activities of low molecular weight phenols from rhubarb. |
PubMed: | Accumulation ofDendrobium superbum (orchidaceae) fragrance in the rectal glands by males of the melon fly,Dacus cucurbitae. |
PubMed: | Betuligenol derivative with growth inhibition and antifeedant activity. |
PubMed: | Progress in synthesis of sensory important trace components of essential oils and natural flavours. |
PubMed: | Aroma production by tissue cultures. |
PubMed: | Olfactory receptors in the melon fly Dacus cucurbitae and the oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis. |
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