alpha-amyl cinnamyl acetate
alpha-pentylcinnamyl acetate
 
Notes:
Flavouring ingredient
  • BOC Sciences
    • BOC Sciences
      Best of Chemicals Supplier
      Quality supplier of research chemicals and biochemicals including inhibitors, building blocks, GMP Products, impurities and metabolites, APIs for Veterinary, Natural Compounds, ADCs, Stem Cell Molecule and chiral compounds.
      BOC Sciences provides a wide range of services to support the pharmaceutical industry through all stages of drug discovery including Custom Synthesis of those chemicals that are not in stock, Isotope Labeling Service, Chiral Synthesis and Resolution, Bioconjugation, PEGylation services, analytical services.
      BOC Sciences is a brand of BOCSCI Inc. We leverage our wide spectrum of business in the fields of development, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution to help you make best-informed decisions tailored to your evolving needs for premium chemicals. Our complete suite of CRO services spans the entire molecule development pipeline including contract research for target identification, building blocks, compound synthesis, biochemical and cellular analysis, preclinical animal tests, and clinical studies.
      Email: Marketing
      US Email: Marketing
      Email: Sales
      US Email: Sales
      Voice: 1-631-485-4226
      Fax: 1-631-614-7828
      US Voice: 1-631-485-4226
      US Fax: 1-631-614-7828
      Europe44-203-286-1088
      Facebook
      Twitter
      Linkedin
      Blog
      Get the App!
      Product(s):
      7493-78-9 2-(Phenylmethylene)heptyl acetate
       
  • Penta International
    • Penta International Corporation
      Chemistry innovation
      At Penta, our products and services help businesses do business better.
      For over 30 years, Penta Manufacturing Company has played a growing role in worldwide chemistry innovations and applications. As an industry leader, Penta continues to pioneer chemistry-based solutions for practically every area of commerce. Our products and expertise have helped fuel technical advances in dozens of commercial applications including flavoring, coloring, fragrances and chemical processes.
      US Email: Technical Services
      US Email: Sales
      US Voice: (973) 740-2300
      US Fax: (973) 740-1839
      Product(s):
      01-30875 ALPHA-AMYLCINNAMYL ACETATE
       
  • Synerzine
    • Synerzine, Inc.
      Innovation. Customization. Aroma Ingredients.
      Synerzine is a leading supplier of flavor and fragrance ingredients.
      Synerzine expresses what we have grown to embody as an organization - the synergy and connection between raw ingredients, science, technology, and the final product. Our experienced team is passionate about bringing our customers high-quality innovative ingredients that they can trust.
      Building upon our 44 year history, the Synerzine team provides customers around the globe with convenient access to over 1200 high-quality aroma ingredients. We actively engage with customers to add a wide array of new products and services on a regular basis. Our aim is to delight every customer with our exceptional services, large product selection, customization and the highest quality and safety standards. We provide our customers with true value designed to help them bring their products to market faster.
      US Email: Customer Service
      US Email: Sales
      US Voice: (404) 524-6744
      US Fax: (404) 577-1651
      Inquiry
      Products List: View
      Product(s):
      W01297 alpha-Amylcinnamyl Acetate
       
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search
CAS Number: 7493-78-9Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 231-339-4
FDA UNII: VMT186NL85
Nikkaji Web: J986.340K
MDL: MFCD00026207
CoE Number: 216
XlogP3-AA: 4.90 (est)
Molecular Weight: 246.34974000
Formula: C16 H22 O2
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
CAS Number: 7493-78-9  (E)Picture of molecule3D/inchi
Nikkaji Web: J261.165A
XlogP3-AA: 4.60 (est)
Molecular Weight: 246.34974000
Formula: C16 H22 O2
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
CAS Number: 7493-78-9  (Z)Picture of molecule3D/inchi
FDA UNII: O06CCQ7I52
XlogP3-AA: 4.60 (est)
Molecular Weight: 246.34974000
Formula: C16 H22 O2
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar: Search
Google Books: Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Perfumer and Flavorist: Search
Google Patents: Search
US Patents: Search
EU Patents: Search
Pubchem Patents: Search
PubMed: Search
NCBI: Search
JECFA Food Flavoring: 677  alpha-amylcinnamyl acetate
DG SANTE Food Flavourings: 09.026  alpha-pentylcinnamyl acetate
FEMA Number: 2064 alpha-amylcinnamyl acetate
FDA:No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm (SATF):7493-78-9 ; ALPHA-AMYLCINNAMYL ACETATE
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart F--Flavoring Agents and Related Substances
Sec. 172.515 Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants.
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Physical Properties:
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear oily liquid (est)
Assay: 97.00 to 100.00 % 
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 0.95400 to 0.96200 @  20.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - est.: 7.947 to 8.014
Boiling Point: 353.00 to  354.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Acid Value: 1.00 max. KOH/g
Vapor Pressure: 0.000640 mmHg @ 25.00 °C.
Flash Point: > 212.00 °F. TCC ( > 100.00 °C. )
logP (o/w): 5.090
Soluble in:
 alcohol
 water, 0.6559 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in:
 water
Similar Items: note
alpha-amyl cinnamyl alcohol
alpha-amyl cinnamyl formate
alpha-amyl cinnamyl isovalerate
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor Type: floral
 
Odor Strength: low
 
Substantivity: 400 hour(s) at 100.00 %
 
 floral  jasmin  chocolate  leathery  fruity  balsamic  spicy  cinnamyl  
Odor Description:
at 100.00 %. 
floral jasmin chocolate leather fruity balsam spicy cinnamyl
Luebke, William tgsc, (1992)
 
 sweet  spicy  fruity  cinnamyl  fatty  tropical  
Odor Description:
Sweet, spicy, fruity and cinnamic with fatty, tropical nuances
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 22, No. 3, 47, (1997)
 
 
Flavor Type: earthy
 
 earthy  fruity  spicy  powdery  balsamic  
Taste Description:
at 15.00 ppm.  
Earthy, fruity, spicy, powdery and balsamic
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 22, No. 3, 47, (1997)
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Cosmetic Information:
CosIng: cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: perfuming agents
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Suppliers:
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
2-(Phenylmethylene)heptyl acetate
Parchem
alpha-Amyl Cinnamyl Acetate
Penta International
ALPHA-AMYLCINNAMYL ACETATE
Sigma-Aldrich: Aldrich
For experimental / research use only.
2-Benzylideneheptyl Acetate
Synerzine
alpha-Amylcinnamyl Acetate
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xi - Irritant
R 36/38 - Irritating to skin and eyes.
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 37/39 - Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection.
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Human Experience:
8 % solution: no irritation or sensitization.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
oral-rat LD50  > 5000 mg/kg
RIFM (1974a)

Dermal Toxicity:
Not determined
Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety in Use Information:
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice
Recommendation for alpha-amyl cinnamyl acetate usage levels up to:
  8.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
 
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): 2.40 (μg/capita/day)
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): 260.00 (μg/capita/day)
Structure Class: II
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
 average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: -3.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): -0.92000
beverages(alcoholic): --
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: -3.00000
condiments / relishes: --
confectionery froastings: --
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: -3.50000
fruit ices: -3.50000
gelatins / puddings: --
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: -3.50000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: --
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety References:
Flavor & Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) reference(s):
The FEMA GRAS assessment of cinnamyl derivatives used as flavor ingredients. View pdf
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA): Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
Flavouring Group Evaluation 214: alpha,beta-Unsaturated aldehydes and precursors from chemical subgroup 3.1 of FGE.19: Cinnamyl derivatives[1]
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 68 (FGE.68): Consideration of cinnamyl alcohol and related flavouring agents evaluated by JECFA (55th meeting) evaluated by EFSA in FGE.15Rev1 (2008)
View page or View pdf
EPI System: View
AIDS Citations: Search
Cancer Citations: Search
Toxicology Citations: Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): 7493-78-9
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 582291
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
WGK Germany: 2
 2-benzylideneheptyl acetate
Chemidplus: 0007493789
 [(2E)-2-benzylideneheptyl] acetate
 [(2Z)-2-benzylideneheptyl] acetate
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
References:
 2-benzylideneheptyl acetate
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 7493-78-9
Pubchem (cid): 582291
Pubchem (sid): 43144277
 [(2E)-2-benzylideneheptyl] acetate
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 7493-78-9
Pubchem (cid): 6433507
Pubchem (sid): 134987868
 [(2Z)-2-benzylideneheptyl] acetate
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 7493-78-9
Pubchem (cid): 5371723
Pubchem (sid): 77601296
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): View
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB36207
FooDB: FDB015065
Export Tariff Code: 2915.39.9050
ChemSpider: View
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Potential Blenders and core components note
 
For Odor
No odor group found for these
 cinnamyl salicylate 
 cinnamyl valerateFL/FR
animal
isobutyl quinolineFR
2-isobutyl quinolineFR
isobutyl quinolineFR
6-tert-butyl-meta-cresolFL/FR
6-methyl quinolineFL/FR
aromatic
(4E,9Z)-13-methyloxacyclopentadeca-4,9-dien-2-oneFR
balsamic
isoamyl benzoateFL/FR
 benzyl cinnamateFL/FR
isobutyl cinnamateFL/FR
 cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
 cinnamyl benzoateFL/FR
(E)-cinnamyl butyrateFL/FR
 cinnamyl butyrateFL/FR
 cinnamyl cinnamateFL/FR
 cinnamyl formateFL/FR
 ethyl cinnamateFL/FR
(Z)-3-hexen-1-yl cinnamateFR
 linalyl cinnamateFL/FR
 octyl cinnamateFR
 peru balsam oilFL/FR
 peru balsam resinoidFL/FR
2-phenoxyethyl formateFR
 pine needle absoluteFL/FR
 prenyl benzoateFL/FR
isopropyl cinnamateFL/FR
 terpinyl butyrateFL/FR
 terpinyl cinnamateFL/FR
 tetrahydrofurfuryl cinnamateFL/FR
caramellic
 maltyl isobutyrateFL/FR
earthy
 dibenzyl etherFL/FR
ethereal
isovaleraldehyde propylene glycol acetalFL/FR
floral
alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde diethyl acetalFR
alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetalFL/FR
 amyl cyclopentenoneCS
 benzyl acetoneFL/FR
 benzyl alcoholFL/FR
 benzyl formateFL/FR
 benzyl isobutyrateFL/FR
 benzyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
isobutyl salicylateFL/FR
 cananga oilFL/FR
 cassie absoluteFL/FR
 cinnamyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
 citronellolFL/FR
para-cresyl acetateFL/FR
beta-damascenoneFL/FR
 dihydrojasmoneFL/FR
 dimethyl benzyl carbinyl propionateFR
 dimethyl octanolFL/FR
 floral methanolFR
 gelsone (IFF)FL/FR
 geranyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
2-hexylidene cyclopentanoneFL/FR
 honeysuckle absoluteFR
 jasmin lactone (IFF)FL/FR
 jasmin pyranolFR
 methyl jasmonateFL/FR
2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolaneFR
 mimosa absoluteFL/FR
 mimosa absolute franceFL/FR
 mimosa absolute indiaFL/FR
white nelumbo nucifera flower absoluteFR
pink nelumbo nucifera flower absoluteFR
white nelumbo nucifera flower concreteFR
 orris pyridine 25% IPMFR
2-pentadecanoneFL/FR
2-pentyl cyclopentan-1-olFR
 phenethyl acetateFL/FR
4-phenyl-3-buten-2-olFL/FR
 rhodinyl isobutyrateFL/FR
 rose carboxylateFR
 wallflower absoluteFR
 ylang ylang oil III fractionsFR
fruity
 allyl (E)-cinnamateFL/FR
 allyl cinnamateFL/FR
 balsam specialtyFR
 cinnamyl hexanoateFL/FR
 cinnamyl isobutyrateFL/FR
(E)-cinnamyl propionateFL/FR
 ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoateFL/FR
 ethyl isovalerateFL/FR
 geranyl methyl tiglate 
 leather propionateFR
 osmanthus flower absoluteFL/FR
 peach nitrileFR
3-phenyl propyl isobutyrateFL/FR
 propyl isobutyrateFL/FR
(R)-styralyl acetateFL/FR
green
 chrysanthemum oxideFL/FR
 ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoateFL/FR
 heptanal dimethyl acetalFL/FR
(Z)-3-hexen-1-yl benzoateFL/FR
 octanal diethyl acetalFL/FR
(E)-2-pentenalFL/FR
 phenoxyacetaldehyde 50% in benzyl alcoholFR
 picea glauca leaf absoluteFR
herbal
 lavender absolute bulgariaFL/FR
 saffron indenoneFL/FR
 thyme undecaneFR
 viridiflorolFL/FR
leathery
4-tert-butyl phenolCS
 castoreum absoluteFL/FR
 leather cyclohexanolFR
marine
 marine pyridineFR
nutty
2,3-dimethyl pyrazineFL/FR
spicy
alpha-amyl cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
para-anisyl formateFL/FR
 cadinadiene 
 cinnamyl acetateFL/FR
 cinnamyl isovalerateFL/FR
 cinnamyl propionateFL/FR
 cuminyl alcoholFL/FR
4-methyl guaiacolFL/FR
 myrtenalFL/FR
(E)-propyl 2-furan acrylateFL/FR
sulfurous
 buchu mercaptanFL/FR
 cassis pentanoneFL/FR
 passiflora acetateFL/FR
tobacco
3-ethyl pyridineFL/FR
 honey absoluteFL/FR
tropical
 genet absoluteFL/FR
vanilla
 ethyl vanillin isobutyrateFL/FR
 vanillyl acetateFL/FR
waxy
 octyl isobutyrateFL/FR
 phytyl acetateFL/FR
woody
 cinnamyl tiglateFL/FR
 methyl cedryl ketoneFL/FR
 santalyl butyrateFL/FR
 spicy pentanoneFL/FR
 
For Flavor
 
No flavor group found for these
 allyl (E)-cinnamateFL/FR
 allyl cinnamateFL/FR
alpha-amyl cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetalFL/FR
6-tert-butyl-meta-cresolFL/FR
 cadinadiene 
 cinnamyl benzoateFL/FR
(E)-cinnamyl butyrateFL/FR
 cinnamyl hexanoateFL/FR
 cinnamyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
(E)-cinnamyl propionateFL/FR
 cinnamyl salicylate 
 cinnamyl tiglateFL/FR
 cinnamyl valerateFL/FR
2,6-dimethoxy-4-vinyl phenolFL
2-furfurylidene butyraldehydeFL
2-hexylidene cyclopentanoneFL/FR
 jasmin lactone (IFF)FL/FR
 methyl furfuracrylateFL
 pine needle absoluteFL/FR
 prenyl benzoateFL/FR
 santalyl butyrateFL/FR
(R)-styralyl acetateFL/FR
 tetrahydrofurfuryl cinnamateFL/FR
 viridiflorolFL/FR
animal
6-methyl quinolineFL/FR
aromatic
para-cresyl acetateFL/FR
balsamic
isobutyl cinnamateFL/FR
 ethyl cinnamateFL/FR
 peru balsam oilFL/FR
 peru balsam resinoidFL/FR
isopropyl cinnamateFL/FR
burnt
 ethyl 2-furoateFL
caramellic
3-ethyl pyridineFL/FR
cooling
isobutyl salicylateFL/FR
creamy
 octyl isobutyrateFL/FR
fatty
 dimethyl octanolFL/FR
(Z)-3-hexen-1-yl benzoateFL/FR
2-pentadecanoneFL/FR
floral
 cananga oilFL/FR
 cinnamyl propionateFL/FR
 citronellolFL/FR
 dihydrojasmoneFL/FR
 geranyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
 methyl jasmonateFL/FR
 rhodinyl isobutyrateFL/FR
 terpinyl butyrateFL/FR
fruity
isoamyl benzoateFL/FR
 benzyl acetoneFL/FR
 benzyl alcoholFL/FR
 benzyl formateFL/FR
 benzyl isobutyrateFL/FR
 cinnamyl isobutyrateFL/FR
 cinnamyl isovalerateFL/FR
 dibenzyl etherFL/FR
 ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoateFL/FR
 ethyl isovalerateFL/FR
 geranyl methyl tiglate 
 linalyl cinnamateFL/FR
 osmanthus flower absoluteFL/FR
3-phenyl propyl isobutyrateFL/FR
(E)-propyl 2-furan acrylateFL/FR
 propyl isobutyrateFL/FR
 spicy pentanoneFL/FR
 terpinyl cinnamateFL/FR
isovaleraldehyde propylene glycol acetalFL/FR
green
 cassis pentanoneFL/FR
 chrysanthemum oxideFL/FR
 cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
 ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoateFL/FR
 gelsone (IFF)FL/FR
 heptanal dimethyl acetalFL/FR
 octanal diethyl acetalFL/FR
(E)-2-pentenalFL/FR
hay
 genet absoluteFL/FR
herbal
 lavender absolute bulgariaFL/FR
 saffron indenoneFL/FR
honey
 benzyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
 honey absoluteFL/FR
 phenethyl acetateFL/FR
jammy
 maltyl isobutyrateFL/FR
leathery
 castoreum absoluteFL/FR
minty
 myrtenalFL/FR
nutty
2,3-dimethyl pyrazineFL/FR
 phytyl acetateFL/FR
spicy
alpha-amyl cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
para-anisyl formateFL/FR
 benzyl cinnamateFL/FR
 cassie absoluteFL/FR
 cinnamyl acetateFL/FR
 cinnamyl cinnamateFL/FR
 cinnamyl formateFL/FR
 cuminyl alcoholFL/FR
4-methyl guaiacolFL/FR
sulfurous
 buchu mercaptanFL/FR
 methyl 2-(methyl thio) butyrateFL
 methyl thiomethyl butyrateFL
tea
red rooibos tea leaf distillatesFL
tropical
 passiflora acetateFL/FR
vanilla
 ethyl vanillin isobutyrateFL/FR
 vanillyl acetateFL/FR
waxy
 mimosa absoluteFL/FR
 mimosa absolute franceFL/FR
 mimosa absolute indiaFL/FR
4-phenyl-3-buten-2-olFL/FR
winey
 cinnamyl butyrateFL/FR
woody
beta-damascenoneFL/FR
 methyl cedryl ketoneFL/FR
 
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Potential Uses:
 aldehydicFR
 balsamFR
 chocolate cocoaFL
 cinnamonFR
 citrusFR
 floralFR
 honeysuckleFR
 hyacinthFR
 jasminFR
 jonquilFR
 leatherFR
 lilacFR
 lilyFR
 lily of the valleyFR
 magnoliaFR
 resedaFR
 roseFR
 woodyFR
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 not found in nature
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Synonyms:
 acetic acid alpha-amyl cinnamyl ester
 amyl cinnamic acetate
 amyl cinnamyl acetate
a-amyl cinnamyl acetate
alpha-N-amyl-beta-phenyl acryl acetate
alpha-amylcinnamyl acetate
2-benzylidene-1-heptanol acetate
2-benzylidene-1-heptyl acetate
2-benzylideneheptyl acetate
alpha-pentyl cinnamyl acetate
a-pentylcinnamyl acetate
alpha-pentylcinnamyl acetate
2-(phenyl methylene) heptyl acetate
2-(phenyl methylene)-1-heptanol acetate
2-(phenyl methylene)-1-heptyl acetate
2-(phenylmethylene)heptyl acetate
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Please share your Comments.
Email Address:
 
 
 
 
Top of Page Home
Copyright © 1980-2021 Perflavory ™ Disclaimer Privacy Policy