Category: flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: | colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est) |
Assay: | 97.00 to 100.00 %
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Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
Specific Gravity: | 1.10300 to 1.11200 @ 25.00 °C.
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Pounds per Gallon - (est).: | 9.178 to 9.253
|
Refractive Index: | 1.53000 to 1.54000 @ 20.00 °C.
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Melting Point: | 13.00 to 14.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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Boiling Point: | 228.00 to 230.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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Boiling Point: | 106.00 °C. @ 12.00 mm Hg
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Vapor Pressure: | 0.111000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
Flash Point: | 219.00 °F. TCC ( 103.89 °C. )
|
logP (o/w): | 0.430 |
Soluble in: |
| acids | | alcohol | | ethyl ether | | water, 4.267e+004 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) | | water, 4.27E+04 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp) |
Similar Items: note |
2-acetyl pyridine |
4-acetyl pyridine |
Organoleptic Properties:
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Odor Type: nutty |
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Odor Strength: | high , recommend smelling in a 1.00 % solution or less |
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Substantivity: | 45 hour(s) at 100.00 % |
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| sweet nutty dry hawthorn phenolic woody popcorn |
Odor Description: at 1.00 % in dipropylene glycol. | sweet nutty dry hawthorn phenolic woody popcorn Luebke, William tgsc, (1998) |
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Flavor Type: nutty |
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| nutty roasted corn chip nutty nut skin corn popcorn |
Taste Description:
| nutty roasted corn chip nut skin corn popcorn Luebke, William tgsc, (1998) |
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Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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|
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Advanced Biotech |
3 ACETYL PYRIDINE
|
Ambles Nature et Chimie |
3-ACETYL PYRIDINE
|
Anhui Haibei |
3-Acetyl Pyridine
Odor: Sweet nutty popcorn |
Anhui Suzhou Jinli Aromatic Chemicals |
3-Acetyl Pyridine
|
Beijing Lys Chemicals |
3-Acetylpyridine
|
BOC Sciences |
For experimental / research use only. |
3-Acetylpyridine 98%
|
DeLong Chemicals America |
3-Acetylpyridine, Kosher
|
Jiangyin Healthway |
3-Acetyl Pyridine
|
New functional food ingredients |
Jinan Enlighten Chemical Technology(Wutong Aroma ) |
3-Acetyl pyridine, Kosherk
|
Kingchem Laboratories |
3 ACETYL PYRIDINE
Odor: Sweet, nutty, popcorn, tobacco |
M&U International |
3-ACETYL PYRIDINE, Kosher
|
Pearlchem Corporation |
3-Acetyl Pyridine
|
Penta International |
3-ACETYLPYRIDINE
|
R C Treatt & Co Ltd |
3-Acetylpyridine
Artificial, Kosher Odor: sweet nutty popcorn/peanut Flavor: nutty Used in popcorn, peanut, meat and tobacco flavours; 3ppm in baked goods, 2ppm in desserts and beverages. |
Santa Cruz Biotechnology |
For experimental / research use only. |
3-Acetylpyridine
|
Sigma-Aldrich |
3-Acetylpyridine, ≥98%, FG
Odor: nutty; sweet |
Certified Food Grade Products |
Sunaux International |
3-Acetyl Pyridine
|
Synerzine |
3-Acetyl Pyridine
|
TCI AMERICA |
For experimental / research use only. |
3-Acetylpyridine >98.0%(GC)
|
Tengzhou Jitian Aroma Chemiclal |
3-Acetyl Pyridine
|
Tengzhou Xiang Yuan Aroma Chemicals |
3-Acetyl Pyridine
|
Tianjin Danjun International |
3-Acetylpyridine
|
United International |
3-Acetylpyridine
|
WholeChem |
3-Acetyl pyridine
|
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View |
European information : |
Most important hazard(s): | T - Toxic. |
R 25 - Toxic if swallowed. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S 45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately.
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|
Hazards identification |
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Classification of the substance or mixture |
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
None found. |
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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Pictogram | |
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Hazard statement(s) |
None found. |
Precautionary statement(s) |
None found. |
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-rat LD50 46 ul/kg BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD
BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
MUSCULOSKELETAL: OTHER CHANGES Acute Toxicity Data. Journal of the American College of Toxicology, Part B. Vol. 1, Pg. 681, 1992.
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 182 mg/kg Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 64, Pg. 528, 1975.
oral-quail LD50 422 mg/kg Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 12, Pg. 355, 1983.
oral-bird - wild LD50 178 mg/kg Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 12, Pg. 355, 1983.
|
Dermal Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Inhalation Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
Recommendation for 3-acetyl pyridine usage levels up to: | | 0.1000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
|
|
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 23.00 (μg/capita/day) |
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 0.80 (μg/capita/day) |
Structure Class: | II |
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
publication number: 8 |
Click here to view publication 8 |
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
baked goods: | - | 3.00000 |
beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 2.00000 |
beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
breakfast cereal: | - | - |
cheese: | - | - |
chewing gum: | - | - |
condiments / relishes: | - | - |
confectionery froastings: | - | 3.00000 |
egg products: | - | - |
fats / oils: | - | - |
fish products: | - | - |
frozen dairy: | - | 2.00000 |
fruit ices: | - | 2.00000 |
gelatins / puddings: | - | 2.00000 |
granulated sugar: | - | - |
gravies: | - | - |
hard candy: | - | - |
imitation dairy: | - | - |
instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
jams / jellies: | - | - |
meat products: | - | - |
milk products: | - | - |
nut products: | - | - |
other grains: | - | - |
poultry: | - | - |
processed fruits: | - | - |
processed vegetables: | - | - |
reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
snack foods: | - | - |
soft candy: | - | - |
soups: | - | - |
sugar substitutes: | - | - |
sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA): | Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... |
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 24 (FGE.24): Pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives from chemical group 28 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) View page or View pdf |
Pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives from chemical group 28 Flavouring Group Evaluation 24, Revision 1 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) View page or View pdf |
Flavouring Group Evaluation 77 (FGE77) [1] - Consideration of Pyridine, Pyrrole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to Pyridine, Pyrrole, Indole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev1 (2008) View page or View pdf |
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 77, Revision 2 (FGE.77Rev2): Consideration of Pyridine, Pyrrole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to Pyridine, Pyrrole, Indole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev2 (2013) View page or View pdf |
Scientific opinion on flavouring group evaluation 77, revision 3 (FGE.77Rev3): consideration of pyridine, pyrrole and quinoline derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev2 View page or View pdf |
EPI System: | View |
AIDS Citations: | Search |
Cancer Citations: | Search |
Toxicology Citations: | Search |
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): | 350-03-8 |
EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 9589 |
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
WISER: | UN 2810 |
WGK Germany: | 1 |
| 1-pyridin-3-ylethanone |
Chemidplus: | 0000350038 |
RTECS: | OB5425000 for cas# 350-03-8 |
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
|
For Odor |
No odor group found for these |
| sulfuryl octanoate | FL/FR |
|
| sulfuryl butyrate | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl decanoate | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl propionate | FL/FR |
| valeraldehyde dibutyl acetal | FL/FR |
| valeraldehyde propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
animal |
4- | ethoxyphenol | CS |
balsamic |
2- | acetyl furan | FL/FR |
| propyl benzoate | FL/FR |
bready |
| coffee furanone | FL/FR |
| furfural | FL/FR |
buttery |
| acetyl propionyl | FL/FR |
3,4- | hexane dione | FL/FR |
camphoreous |
| bornyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| butyrophenone | FL/FR |
caramellic |
| ethyl 2-hydroxy-2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| maltol | FL/FR |
| shoyu furanone | FL/FR |
| toffee furanone | FL/FR |
chocolate |
| chocolate pyrazine A | FL/FR |
| cocoa hexenal | FL/FR |
2- | methoxy-3-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methoxypyrazine | FL/FR |
2,4,5- | trimethyl thiazole | FL/FR |
cocoa |
2-iso | butyl-3,5-(and 3,6)-dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methyl butyraldehyde | FL/FR |
coconut |
alpha- | angelica lactone | FL/FR |
gamma- | heptalactone | FL/FR |
coffee |
| coffea arabica seed extract | FL/FR |
roasted arabica | coffee bean oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| furfuryl mercaptan | FL/FR |
| popcorn pyrimidine | FL/FR |
coumarinic |
| coumane | FL/FR |
| tonka bean resinoid | FR |
earthy |
2- | ethyl-3-methoxypyrazine | FL/FR |
| nutty pyrazine | FL/FR |
fatty |
| coconut absolute | FL/FR |
fermented |
| valeraldehyde | FL/FR |
floral |
| boronia butenal | FR |
fruity |
iso | amyl nonanoate | FL/FR |
| ethyl benzoyl acetate | FL/FR |
| methyl valerate | FL/FR |
3- | methyl-2-butenal | FL/FR |
| nonyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
green |
2- | heptyl furan | FL/FR |
| seaweed absolute (fucus vesiculosus et serratus) | FL/FR |
herbal |
| apium graveolens seed oil | FL/FR |
| apium graveolens seed oil india | FL/FR |
curled | parsley leaf oil | FL/FR |
| saffron pyranone | FR |
mossy |
| oakmoss concrete | FR |
| oakmoss phenol | FR |
| veramoss (IFF) | FR |
musty |
2- | acetyl pyrrole | FL/FR |
3- | acetyl-2,5-dimethyl furan | FL/FR |
| hazelnut pyrazine | FL/FR |
| menthofuran | FL/FR |
naphthyl |
para- | methyl anisole | FL/FR |
ortho- | methyl anisole | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-3-ethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-3-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-3,5(or 6)-dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-5-methyl furan | FL/FR |
3,6- | cocoa pyrazine | FL/FR |
2,3- | dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | ethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | ethyl-4-methyl thiazole | FL/FR |
| filbert heptenone | FL/FR |
| filbert pyrazine | FL/FR |
2,6- | lutidine | FL/FR |
| maraniol | CS |
2- | methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
5- | methyl quinoxaline | FL/FR |
2- | methyl thio-3,5 or 6-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methyl-3-(methyl thio) pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methyl-3-ethoxypyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methyl-3-pentenoic acid | FL/FR |
2- | methyl-3-propyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| nutty cyclohexenone | FL/FR |
| nutty quinoxaline | FL/FR |
| resorcinol | FR |
| sesame absolute | FL/FR |
| shoyu pyrazine | FL/FR |
2,3,5,6- | tetramethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2,3,5- | trimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| vinyl sulfurol | FL/FR |
phenolic |
2'- | hydroxyacetophenone | FL/FR |
popcorn |
2- | acetyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl thiazole | FL/FR |
roasted |
2- | acetyl-2-pyrroline | |
| trigonella foenum-graecum seed oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
smoky |
| pyroligneous acids | FL/FR |
spicy |
| allspice berry oil | FL/FR |
| allspice leaf oil | FL/FR |
| clove bud absolute | FL/FR |
| clove bud oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
4- | ethyl guaiacol | FL/FR |
| eugenol | FL/FR |
3-(2- | furyl) acrolein | FL/FR |
| furfuryl thioacetate | FL/FR |
tobacco |
| veltonal (Bedoukian) | FR |
tonka |
| tonka bean absolute | FR |
| whiskey lactone | FL/FR |
| sandalwood oil | FL/FR |
beta- | thujaplicin | FR |
|
For Flavor |
|
No flavor group found for these |
| acetyl acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal | FL |
2- | acetyl-2-pyrroline | |
2- | acetyl-5-methyl pyrazine | FL |
2- | acetyl-6-methyl pyrazine | FL |
| bornyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
2-iso | butyl-3,5-(and 3,6)-dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| butyrophenone | FL/FR |
| chocolate pyrazine A | FL/FR |
| coumane | FL/FR |
| cyclohexyl methyl pyrazine | FL |
2,5- | diethyl thiazole | FL |
2,5- | diethyl-4-methyl thiazole | FL |
6,7- | dihydro-2,3-dimethyl-5H-cyclopentapyrazine | FL |
| dimethyl dihydrocyclopentapyrazine | FL |
2,5- | dimethyl thiazole | FL |
4,5- | dimethyl-2-ethyl thiazole | FL |
| ethyl 2-hydroxy-2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| ethyl dimethyl pyrazine | FL |
2- | ethyl-3-methoxypyrazine | FL/FR |
(Z+E)-5- | ethyl-4-methyl-2-(2-butyl) thiazoline | FL |
(Z+E)-5- | ethyl-4-methyl-2-(2-methyl propyl) thiazoline | FL |
3-(2- | furyl) acrolein | FL/FR |
(E,E)-2,4- | heptadien-1-ol | FL |
2- | hexyl-5 or 6-keto-1,4-dioxane | FL |
2- | methoxypyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methyl-3-(methyl thio) pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methyl-3-ethoxypyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methyl-3-pentenoic acid | FL/FR |
| nonyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| peanut dithiazine | FL |
2- | propionyl pyrrole | FL |
2- | propyl pyridine | FL |
para- | salicylic acid | FL |
| seaweed absolute (fucus vesiculosus et serratus) | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl butyrate | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl decanoate | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| valeraldehyde propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
|
5- | acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-thiazine | FL |
| sulfuryl formate | FL |
| sulfuryl octanoate | FL/FR |
| sulfuryl propionate | FL/FR |
| valeraldehyde dibutyl acetal | FL/FR |
alliaceous |
2- | methyl thioacetaldehyde | FL |
bready |
2- | propionyl thiazole | FL |
brown |
| furfural | FL/FR |
burnt |
| bacon dithiazine | FL |
| furfuryl alcohol | FL |
2- | methyl quinoxaline | FL |
buttery |
3,4- | hexane dione | FL/FR |
camphoreous |
ortho- | methyl anisole | FL/FR |
caramellic |
| maltol | FL/FR |
| shoyu furanone | FL/FR |
| toffee furanone | FL/FR |
cocoa |
| chocolate enhancers | FL |
| cocoa hexenal | FL/FR |
coffee |
| coffea arabica seed extract | FL/FR |
roasted arabica | coffee bean oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| difurfuryl ether | FL |
| diisoamyl thiomalate | FL |
2- | ethyl-4-methyl thiazole | FL/FR |
| furfuryl mercaptan | FL/FR |
2-iso | propyl pyrazine | FL |
corn chip |
2- | acetyl thiazole | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-2-thiazoline | FL |
| popcorn pyrimidine | FL/FR |
creamy |
alpha- | angelica lactone | FL/FR |
earthy |
(±)-2- | mercapto-5-methylheptan-4-one | FL |
2- | methyl-3-propyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
fatty |
| coconut absolute | FL/FR |
2- | heptyl furan | FL/FR |
(E,E)-2,4- | nonadienal | FL |
fishy |
4,5- | dimethyl thiazole | FL |
| ethyl benzoyl acetate | FL/FR |
2,4- | hexadien-1-ol | FL |
| methyl valerate | FL/FR |
3- | methyl-2-butenal | FL/FR |
| propyl benzoate | FL/FR |
fusel |
2- | methyl butyraldehyde | FL/FR |
garlic |
| garlic oleoresin | FL |
green |
2,5- | dimethyl thiophene | FL |
4- | methyl thiazole | FL |
2- | methyl-5-isopropyl pyrazine | FL |
2- | vinyl pyrazine | FL |
herbal |
| apium graveolens seed oil | FL/FR |
| apium graveolens seed oil india | FL/FR |
curled | parsley leaf oil | FL/FR |
lactonic |
gamma- | heptalactone | FL/FR |
metallic |
2,5- | dihydroxy-1,4-dithiane | FL |
musty |
| hazelnut pyrazine | FL/FR |
| menthofuran | FL/FR |
| shoyu pyrazine | FL/FR |
2,3,5- | trimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
naphthyl |
2'- | hydroxyacetophenone | FL/FR |
para- | methyl anisole | FL/FR |
nutty |
2- | acetyl furan | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl pyrrole | FL/FR |
3- | acetyl-2,5-dimethyl furan | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-3-ethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-3-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-3,5(or 6)-dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | acetyl-5-methyl furan | FL/FR |
| aconitic acid | FL |
| arachis hypogaea fruit extract | FL |
2- | butyl-2-butenal | FL |
roasted | chestnut flavor | FL |
3,6- | cocoa pyrazine | FL/FR |
| coffee furanone | FL/FR |
3,5- | diethyl-2-methyl pyrazine | FL |
2,5- | diethyl-3-methyl pyrazine | FL |
2,3- | dimethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2,4- | dimethyl-5-vinyl thiazole | FL |
2- | ethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
1- | ethyl-2-acetyl pyrrole | FL |
| filbert heptenone | FL/FR |
| filbert pyrazine | FL/FR |
european | hazelnut oleoresin | FL |
2,6- | lutidine | FL/FR |
2- | methoxy-3-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2- | methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
5- | methyl quinoxaline | FL/FR |
2- | methyl thio-3,5 or 6-methyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| nutty cyclohexenone | FL/FR |
| nutty pyrazine | FL/FR |
| nutty quinoxaline | FL/FR |
| nutty thiazole | FL |
| peanut oxazole | FL |
| sesame absolute | FL/FR |
| sesame distillates | FL |
2,3,5,6- | tetramethyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
2,4,5- | trimethyl thiazole | FL/FR |
| vinyl sulfurol | FL/FR |
phenolic |
2- | hydroxyisophorone | FL |
popcorn |
2- | propionyl-2-thiazoline | FL |
roasted |
2- | acetyl pyrazine | FL/FR |
| ethyl 3-(furfuryl thio) propionate | FL |
| furfuryl thioacetate | FL/FR |
| hexyl mercaptan | FL |
| trigonella foenum-graecum seed oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
smoky |
| pyroligneous acids | FL/FR |
spicy |
| allspice berry oil | FL/FR |
| allspice leaf oil | FL/FR |
| clove bud absolute | FL/FR |
| clove bud oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| eugenol | FL/FR |
toasted |
| acetyl propionyl | FL/FR |
waxy |
| furfuryl octanoate | FL |
winey |
iso | amyl nonanoate | FL/FR |
5- | ethyl-2-methyl pyridine | FL |
| valeraldehyde | FL/FR |
woody |
4- | ethyl guaiacol | FL/FR |
| sandalwood oil | FL/FR |
| whiskey lactone | FL/FR |
|
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
3- | acetopyridine | 3 | acetyl pyridine | beta- | acetyl pyridine | 3- | acetylpyridine | 3- | acetylpyridine FCC | | ethanone, 1-(3-pyridinyl)- | | ketone, methyl 3-pyridyl | | methyl 3-pyridyl ketone | | methyl beta-pyridyl ketone | | methyl pyridyl ketone | 1-(3- | pyridenyl)ethanone | 1- | pyridin-3-yl-ethanone | 1-( | pyridin-3-yl)ethan-1-one | 1-( | pyridin-3-yl)ethanone | 1- | pyridin-3-ylethanone | 1-(3- | pyridinyl) ethanone | 1-(3- | pyridinyl)ethanone | 3- | pyridyl methyl ketone | 3- | pyridylmethyl ketone |
Articles:
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