Category: antioxidants and preservatives for fragrance and flavor
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: | white crystalline powder (est) |
Assay: | 99.00 to 100.00 %
|
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
Melting Point: | 68.50 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
|
Boiling Point: | 156.00 to 157.00 °C. @ 3.50 mm Hg
|
Acid Value: | 1.00 max. KOH/g
|
Vapor Pressure: | 0.000180 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. |
Flash Point: | 264.00 °F. TCC ( 128.89 °C. )
|
logP (o/w): | 3.570 |
Shelf Life: | 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly. |
Storage: | store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
Soluble in: |
| alcohol | | water, 207 mg/L @ 20 °C (exp) |
Insoluble in: |
| water |
Organoleptic Properties:
Odor Strength: | low |
|
Odor Description: at 100.00 %. | very faint phenolic |
|
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
|
|
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Acme-Hardesty |
Butyl Paraben
Odor: characteristic Use: Antimicrobial Preservative Used in Cosmetics and Personal Care. |
Alfa Biotechnology |
For experimental / research use only. |
Butyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate 98%
|
BOC Sciences |
For experimental / research use only. |
Butyl Paraben >98%
|
ECSA Chemicals |
BUTYL PARABEN
|
ECSA TRADE THE MOST UPDATED FINANCIAL PUBLICATION ON THE WORLD OF CHEMISTRY |
Foodchem International |
Butyl Paraben
|
HallStar |
CoSept(tm) B
Odor: characteristic Use: More than the other parabens, CoSept B provides strong antimicrobial action against fungi and yeast. It is used as a co-preservative with other CoSepts in order to increase the spectrum of activity. CoSept B is the least water-soluble of the parabens with global approval as cosmetic biocides. Like the other parabens, it is only effective at acidic pH. Usage levels range from 0.001 to 0.2%. |
Indis NV |
For experimental / research use only. |
Butyl Paraben
|
Kingyoung Bio Technical |
Butylparaben
|
Kraft Chemical |
Butyl Paraben
|
Nanjing Jiancheng Chemical |
Butyl Paraben
Odor: characteristic Use: Butyl paraben is mainly used as antiseptics in cosmetics, food and medicine. It is also can be used as feed preservatives and intermediates of organic synthesis. |
Penta International |
BUTYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE NF
|
Penta International |
BUTYL-p-HYDROXYBENZOATE
|
Santa Cruz Biotechnology |
For experimental / research use only. |
Butyl Paraben
|
Sigma-Aldrich |
Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, ≥99%
|
Certified Food Grade Products |
Sigma-Aldrich: Aldrich |
For experimental / research use only. |
Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate ≥99.0% (GC)
|
Sinofi Food Ingredients |
Butylparaben
Odor: characteristic Use: Preservative, Cosmetics, Feed, Pharmaceutical, Soft Drink, Alcohol Beverage, Beverage Powder, Fruit Juice, Puddings, Sauces, Baking Food, Sauage, Flavoring Agent. |
TCI AMERICA |
For experimental / research use only. |
Butyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate >99.0%(GC)(T)
|
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View |
European information : |
Most important hazard(s): | None - None found. |
S 22 - Do not breath dust. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
|
|
Hazards identification |
|
Classification of the substance or mixture |
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
None found. |
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
|
Pictogram | |
|
Hazard statement(s) |
None found. |
Precautionary statement(s) |
None found. |
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-mouse LD50 13200 mg/kg (Sado, 1973)
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 230 mg/kg SENSE ORGANS AND SPECIAL SENSES: LACRIMATION: EYE Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists. Vol. 28, Pg. 357, 1977.
oral-mouse LD50 > 5000 mg/kg (Sokol, 1952)
oral-mouse LD50 13200 mg/kg Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Hygiene. Vol. 28, Pg. 463, 1973.
|
Dermal Toxicity: |
Not determined
|
Inhalation Toxicity: |
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
Category: | antioxidants and preservatives for fragrance and flavor |
Recommendation for butyl paraben usage levels up to: | | not for fragrance use.
|
|
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | ND (μg/capita/day) |
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 0.03 (μg/capita/day) |
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
publication number: 3 |
Click here to view publication 3 |
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
baked goods: | - | 10.00000 |
beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 1000.00000 |
beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
breakfast cereal: | - | - |
cheese: | - | - |
chewing gum: | - | - |
condiments / relishes: | - | - |
confectionery froastings: | - | - |
egg products: | - | - |
fats / oils: | - | - |
fish products: | - | - |
frozen dairy: | - | - |
fruit ices: | - | - |
gelatins / puddings: | - | - |
granulated sugar: | - | - |
gravies: | - | - |
hard candy: | - | - |
imitation dairy: | - | - |
instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
jams / jellies: | - | - |
meat products: | - | - |
milk products: | - | - |
nut products: | - | - |
other grains: | - | - |
poultry: | - | - |
processed fruits: | - | - |
processed vegetables: | - | - |
reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
snack foods: | - | - |
soft candy: | - | - |
soups: | - | - |
sugar substitutes: | - | - |
sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
Flavor & Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) reference(s): |
The FEMA GRAS assessment of hydroxyl- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivatives used as flavor ingredients. View pdf |
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA): | Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... |
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 20 (FGE.20): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical group 23 View page or View pdf |
Flavouring Group Evaluation 52 (FGE.52): Consideration of hydroxy- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.20 (2005) (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) View page or View pdf |
Flavouring Group Evaluation 54 (FGE.54)[1] - Consideration of benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.20 (2005) - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food View page or View pdf |
Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 1 (FGE.20Rev1): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters from chemical group 23 View page or View pdf |
Flavouring Group Evaluation 54, Revision 1 (FGE.54Rev1): Consideration of benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.20Rev1 (2009) View page or View pdf |
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 2 (FGE.20Rev2): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30 View page or View pdf |
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 3(FGE.20Rev3): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30 View page or View pdf |
EPI System: | View |
Daily Med: | search |
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System: | Search |
AIDS Citations: | Search |
Cancer Citations: | Search |
Toxicology Citations: | Search |
Carcinogenic Potency Database: | Search |
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): | 94-26-8 |
EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 7184 |
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
SCCNFP: | opinion |
WGK Germany: | 2 |
| butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate |
Chemidplus: | 0000094268 |
EPA/NOAA CAMEO: | hazardous materials |
RTECS: | DH1980000 for cas# 94-26-8 |
References:
Other Information:
(IUPAC): | Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf) |
Videos: | The Periodic Table of Videos |
tgsc: | Atomic Weights use for this web site |
(IUPAC): | Periodic Table of the Elements |
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): | View |
CHEBI: | View |
CHEMBL: | View |
KEGG (GenomeNet): | D01420 |
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): | HMDB32575 |
FooDB: | FDB010512 |
Export Tariff Code: | 2918.29.7500 |
FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: | View |
ChemSpider: | View |
Wikipedia: | View |
Formulations/Preparations: •calcium and magnesium salts are available
•trade names: butoben, butyl butex, butyl chemosept, butyl parasept, butyl tegosept, nipabutyl, preserval b, solbrol b, spf, tegosept b, and tegosept butyl
|
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, butyl ester | | benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, butyl ester | | butoben | 4-( | butoxycarbonyl) phenol | 4-( | butoxycarbonyl)phenol | | butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate | N- | butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate | | butyl butex | | butyl chemosept | | butyl p-hydroxybenzoate | N- | butyl p-hydroxybenzoate | | butyl par asept | | butyl para-hydroxybenzoate | N- | butyl parahydroxybenzoate | | butyl parasept | | butyl tegosept | | butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate | | butyl-p-hydroxybenzoate | | butyl-p-hydroxybenzoate NF | | butyl-parasept | | butylparaben | 4- | hydroxybenzoic acid butyl ester | p- | hydroxybenzoic acid butyl ester | para- | hydroxybenzoic acid butyl ester | 4- | hydroxybenzoic acid N-butyl ester | p- | hydroxybenzoic acid N-butyl ester | 4- | hydroxybenzoic acid, butyl ester | p- | hydroxybenzoic acid, butyl ester | p- | hydroxybenzoic butyl ester | | mekkings B | | nipabutyl | | preserval B | | solbrol B | | tegosept B |
Articles:
PubMed: | Ethylparaben affects lifespan, fecundity, and the expression levels of ERR, EcR and YPR in Drosophila melanogaster. |
PubMed: | Exposure determinants of phthalates, parabens, bisphenol A and triclosan in Swedish mothers and their children. |
PubMed: | A multiresidue method for the determination of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals in human breast milk based on a simple extraction procedure. |
PubMed: | Actions of methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben on estrogen receptor-α and -β and the progesterone receptor in MCF-7 cancer cells and non-cancerous MCF-10A cells. |
PubMed: | A multiclass method for the analysis of endocrine disrupting chemicals in human urine samples. Sample treatment by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. |
PubMed: | Removal of emerging pollutants by Ru/TiO2-catalyzed permanganate oxidation. |
PubMed: | Photosonochemical degradation of butyl-paraben: optimization, toxicity and kinetic studies. |
PubMed: | Toxicogenomics in the 3T3-L1 cell line, a new approach for screening of obesogenic compounds. |
PubMed: | Transplacental passage of antimicrobial paraben preservatives. |
PubMed: | Analysis of parabens in dentifrices and the oral cavity. |
PubMed: | UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives, bisphenol S, parabens, and benzophenones in human urine samples. |
PubMed: | Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: from waste to drinking water. |
PubMed: | Predictors and variability of repeat measurements of urinary phenols and parabens in a cohort of shanghai women and men. |
PubMed: | Exposure to parabens at the concentration of maximal proliferative response increases migratory and invasive activity of human breast cancer cells in vitro. |
PubMed: | Effects of n-butylparaben on steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis through changed E₂ levels in male rat offspring. |
PubMed: | A proposed study on the transplacental transport of parabens in the human placental perfusion model. |
PubMed: | Differential effect of methyl-, butyl- and propylparaben and 17β-estradiol on selected cell cycle and apoptosis gene and protein expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A non-malignant cells. |
PubMed: | Disruption of Sertoli cell vimentin filaments in prepubertal rats: an acute effect of butylparaben in vivo and in vitro. |
PubMed: | Development of a selective and sensitive voltammetric sensor for propylparaben based on a nanosized molecularly imprinted polymer-carbon paste electrode. |
PubMed: | Structure-activity relationship of a series of 17 parabens and related compounds for histamine release in rat peritoneal mast cells and skin allergic reaction in guinea pigs. |
PubMed: | Transesterification of a series of 12 parabens by liver and small-intestinal microsomes of rats and humans. |
PubMed: | Determination of Parabens in Beverage Samples by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet. |
PubMed: | Photodegradation of parabens by Fe(III)-citrate complexes at circumneutral pH: matrix effect and reaction mechanism. |
PubMed: | Widespread occurrence of bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), benzophenone type-UV filters, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine from Athens, Greece. |
PubMed: | Single administration of butylparaben induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis in prepubertal rats. |
PubMed: | Personal care product use and urinary phthalate metabolite and paraben concentrations during pregnancy among women from a fertility clinic. |
PubMed: | Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on CeO2 for catalytic permanganate oxidation of butylparaben. |
PubMed: | Combined prenatal and postnatal butyl paraben exposure produces autism-like symptoms in offspring: comparison with valproic acid autistic model. |
PubMed: | Ampholine-functionalized hybrid organic-inorganic silica material as sorbent for solid-phase extraction of acidic and basic compounds. |
PubMed: | Urinary paraben concentrations and ovarian aging among women from a fertility center. |
PubMed: | Dermal absorption and hydrolysis of methylparaben in different vehicles through intact and damaged skin: using a pig-ear model in vitro. |
PubMed: | A new treatment by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of parabens in human serum samples. |
PubMed: | Aggregate exposure approaches for parabens in personal care products: a case assessment for children between 0 and 3 years old. |
PubMed: | Simultaneous derivatisation and preconcentration of parabens in food and other matrices by isobutyl chloroformate and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis. |
PubMed: | Effects of single and repeated in vitro exposure of three forms of parabens, methyl-, butyl- and propylparabens on the proliferation and estradiol secretion in MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells. |
PubMed: | Comparative study of the hydrolytic metabolism of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, heptyl- and dodecylparaben by microsomes of various rat and human tissues. |
PubMed: | Urinary paraben concentrations among pregnant women and their matching newborn infants of Korea, and the association with oxidative stress biomarkers. |
PubMed: | Circulating serum xenoestrogens and mammographic breast density. |
PubMed: | Photo-degradation of butyl parahydroxybenzoate by using TiO2-supported catalyst. |
PubMed: | Solid lipid nanoparticles as effective reservoir systems for long-term preservation of multidose formulations. |
PubMed: | Comparative study on transcriptional activity of 17 parabens mediated by estrogen receptor α and β and androgen receptor. |
PubMed: | Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother-child pairs. |
PubMed: | Effects of triclocarban on the transcription of estrogen, androgen and aryl hydrocarbon receptor responsive genes in human breast cancer cells. |
PubMed: | A study of parabens and bisphenol A in surface water and fish brain tissue from the Greater Pittsburgh Area. |
PubMed: | Distribution, variability, and predictors of urinary concentrations of phenols and parabens among pregnant women in Puerto Rico. |
PubMed: | Analysis of preservatives with different polarities in beverage samples by dual-phase dual stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography. |
PubMed: | Determination of seven preservatives in cosmetic products by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. |
PubMed: | Characterization of endocrine disruptors from a complex matrix using estrogen receptor affinity columns and high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Solubilization of parabens in aqueous Pluronic solutions: investigating the micellar growth and interaction as a function of paraben composition. |
PubMed: | [Determination of sixteen food additives in beverage by capillary zone electrophoresis]. |
PubMed: | Here today, here tomorrow? Urinary concentrations of parabens over time. |
PubMed: | Dynamic evaluation of polypropylene capillary-channeled fibers as a stationary phase in high-performance liquid chromatography. |
PubMed: | Protection against butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid induced oxidative stress by Ocimum sanctum extract in mice liver. |
PubMed: | Determination of biocides in different environmental matrices by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Ovariectomized mouse uterotrophic assay of 36 chemicals. |
PubMed: | Cosmetics as a potential source of environmental contamination in the UK. |
PubMed: | Effects of parabens on adipocyte differentiation. |
PubMed: | p-Hydroxybenzoate esters metabolism in MCF7 breast cancer cells. |
PubMed: | Metabolism and disposition of [14C]n-butyl-p-hydroxybenzoate in male and female Harlan Sprague Dawley rats following oral administration and dermal application. |
PubMed: | Protective role of metabolism by intestinal microflora in butyl paraben-induced toxicity in HepG2 cell cultures. |
PubMed: | Parabens inhibit the early phase of folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis in the ovaries of neonatal rats. |
PubMed: | Parabens enable suspension growth of MCF-10A immortalized, non-transformed human breast epithelial cells. |
PubMed: | Predictors and variability of urinary paraben concentrations in men and women, including before and during pregnancy. |
PubMed: | Large volume sample stacking with EOF and sweeping in CE for determination of common preservatives in cosmetic products by chemometric experimental design. |
PubMed: | Differential effects of environmental chemicals and food contaminants on adipogenesis, biomarker release and PPARγ activation. |
PubMed: | Effects of parabens on apoptosis induced by serum-free medium. |
PubMed: | Systemic exposure to parabens: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl- and butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration. |
PubMed: | Measurement of paraben concentrations in human breast tissue at serial locations across the breast from axilla to sternum. |
PubMed: | Dissociation constants of parabens and limiting conductances of their ions in water. |
PubMed: | [Preparation of water in oil type cream with high content of water containing Kochia scoparia fruit and Cnidium monnieri fruit]. |
PubMed: | Butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid induces oxidative stress in mice liver--an in vivo study. |
PubMed: | Evaluation of the occurrence and biodegradation of parabens and halogenated by-products in wastewater by accurate-mass liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). |
PubMed: | Aquatic toxicity and ecological risk assessment of seven parabens: Individual and additive approach. |
PubMed: | Synergistic effects of parabens on the induction of calbindin-D(9k) gene expression act via a progesterone receptor-mediated pathway in GH3 cells. |
PubMed: | Analysis of multi-class preservatives in leave-on and rinse-off cosmetics by matrix solid-phase dispersion. |
PubMed: | Estrogenic Activity of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Parabens Based on the Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-α Transcriptional Activation Assay (OECD TG 455). |
PubMed: | High performance liquid chromatography column packings with deliberately broadened particle size distribution: relation between column performance and packing structure. |
PubMed: | Simultaneous determination of nine UV filters and four preservatives in suncare products by high-performance liquid chromatography. |
PubMed: | Determination of parabens and endocrine-disrupting alkylphenols in soil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry following matrix solid-phase dispersion or in-column microwave-assisted extraction: a comparative study. |
PubMed: | Fast and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography analysis of cosmetic creams for hydroquinone, phenol and six preservatives. |
PubMed: | Butyl paraben-induced changes in DNA methylation in rat epididymal spermatozoa. |
PubMed: | Stir bar sorptive extraction of parabens, triclosan and methyl triclosan from soil, sediment and sludge with in situ derivatization and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Development and validation of a single RP-HPLC assay method for analysis of bulk raw material batches of four parabens that are widely used as preservatives in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. |
PubMed: | Relationship between lipophilicity and absorption from the liver surface of paraben derivatives and antipyrine in rats. |
PubMed: | A new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of parabens in human placental tissue samples. |
PubMed: | An examination of the thermodynamics of fusion, vaporization, and sublimation of several parabens by correlation gas chromatography. |
PubMed: | The influence of crystallization inhibition of HPMC and HPMCAS on model substance dissolution and release in swellable matrix tablets. |
PubMed: | Fully automated determination of parabens, triclosan and methyl triclosan in wastewater by microextraction by packed sorbents and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | The consequence of the chemical composition of HPMC in matrix tablets on the release behaviour of model drug substances having different solubility. |
PubMed: | GC-MS determination of parabens, triclosan and methyl triclosan in water by in situ derivatisation and stir-bar sorptive extraction. |
PubMed: | Metabolism of parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) by hepatic esterases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in man. |
PubMed: | Urinary concentrations of parabens and serum hormone levels, semen quality parameters, and sperm DNA damage. |
PubMed: | Ozonation of parabens in aqueous solution: kinetics and mechanism of degradation. |
PubMed: | Simultaneous determination of electroactive and non-electroactive food preservatives by novel capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection. |
PubMed: | Regulation of the 5-HT3A receptor-mediated current by alkyl 4-hydroxybenzoates isolated from the seeds of Nelumbo nucifera. |
PubMed: | Synthetic approaches to parabens molecularly imprinted polymers and their applications to the solid-phase extraction of river water samples. |
PubMed: | Simultaneous quantitation of parabens, triclosan, and methyl triclosan in indoor house dust using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | A new in vitro screening bioassay for the ecotoxicological evaluation of the estrogenic responses of environmental chemicals using roach (Rutilus rutilus) liver explant culture. |
PubMed: | LC-determination of five paraben preservatives in saliva and toothpaste samples using UV detection and a short monolithic column. |
PubMed: | In-sample acetylation-non-porous membrane-assisted liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of parabens and triclosan in water samples. |
PubMed: | In vitro study of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) endocrine disruptor screening and testing methods- establishment of a recombinant rat androgen receptor (rrAR) binding assay. |
PubMed: | [Determination of six p-hydroxybenzoates in fruits and jams using solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography]. |
PubMed: | Potential estrogenic effect(s) of parabens at the prepubertal stage of a postnatal female rat model. |
PubMed: | Mixture effects of endocrine disrupting compounds in vitro. |
PubMed: | Assessment of a robust model protocol with accelerated throughput for a human recombinant full length estrogen receptor-alpha binding assay: protocol optimization and intralaboratory assay performance as initial steps towards validation. |
PubMed: | Urinary concentrations of four parabens in the U.S. population: NHANES 2005-2006. |
PubMed: | Determination of parabens in cosmetic products using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid phase extraction sorbent and corona-charged aerosol detection system. |
PubMed: | Short-term dynamic culture of rat testicular fragments as a model to assess effects on steroidogenesis--potential use and limitations. |
PubMed: | [Scale-up of conical column with 10 degree opening angle as preparative liquid chromatographic column]. |
PubMed: | Simultaneous monitoring of drug and solvent diffusion across a model membrane using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. |
PubMed: | An evaluation of estrogenic activity of parabens using uterine calbindin-d9k gene in an immature rat model. |
PubMed: | Determination of ibudilast in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography for pharmacokinetic study. |
PubMed: | Analysis of parabens in cosmetics by low pressure liquid chromatography with monolithic column and chemiluminescent detection. |
PubMed: | Relating solubility data of parabens in liquid PEG 400 to the behaviour of PEG 4000-parabens solid dispersions. |
PubMed: | Estrogenicity of parabens revisited: impact of parabens on early pregnancy and an uterotrophic assay in mice. |
PubMed: | [Butyl-p-hydroxybenzoate stimulates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl- transport]. |
PubMed: | The aqueous photosensitized degradation of butylparaben. |
PubMed: | Single-drop microextraction followed by in-syringe derivatization and GC-MS detection for the determination of parabens in water and cosmetic products. |
PubMed: | Final amended report on the safety assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products. |
PubMed: | Removal of estrogenic activity of iso-butylparaben and n-butylparaben by laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. |
PubMed: | Determination of parabens in environmental solid samples by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Parabens in male infertility-is there a mitochondrial connection? |
PubMed: | Comparative study for the analysis of parabens by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with and without large-volume sample stacking technique. |
PubMed: | Short-term iontophoretic and post-iontophoretic transport of model penetrants across excised human epidermis. |
PubMed: | Comparison of artificial sebum with human and hamster sebum samples. |
PubMed: | Development of an in vitro test battery for assessing chemical effects on bovine germ cells under the ReProTect umbrella. |
PubMed: | The membrane lateral pressure-perturbing capacity of parabens and their effects on the mechanosensitive channel directly correlate with hydrophobicity. |
PubMed: | [Application of single drop microextraction in the determination of phthalate esters and parabens in drugs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. |
PubMed: | Evaluation of estrogenic activity of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives by using the yeast two-hybrid assay and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. |
PubMed: | Higher levels of ethyl paraben and butyl paraben in rat amniotic fluid than in maternal plasma after subcutaneous administration. |
PubMed: | Analysis and quantification of parabens in cosmetic products by utilizing hollow fibre-supported liquid membrane and high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. |
PubMed: | A structural and thermal investigation of the inclusion of parabens in heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaose. |
PubMed: | Do parabens have the ability to interfere with steroidogenesis? |
PubMed: | Preliminary ecological risk assessment of butylparaben and benzylparaben -2. Fate and partitioning in aquatic environments. |
PubMed: | Preliminary ecological risk assessment of butylparaben and benzylparaben -1. Removal efficiency in wastewater treatment, acute/chronic toxicity for aquatic organisms, and effects on medaka gene expression. |
PubMed: | Vitellogenin as a biomarker for estrogenic effects in brown trout, Salmo trutta: laboratory and field investigations. |
PubMed: | Impact of diisobutyl phthalate and other PPAR agonists on steroidogenesis and plasma insulin and leptin levels in fetal rats. |
PubMed: | Eco-friendly methodologies for the synthesis of some aromatic esters, well-known cosmetic ingredients. |
PubMed: | Dose-response of the cultured bovine lens to butyl, methyl and propyl parabens. |
PubMed: | Lack of effect of butylparaben and methylparaben on the reproductive system in male rats. |
PubMed: | On-line pretreatment and determination of parabens in cosmetic products by combination of flow injection analysis, solid-phase extraction and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. |
PubMed: | Preparation and characterization of inclusion complexes of a cationic beta-cyclodextrin polymer with butylparaben or triclosan. |
PubMed: | Association of nicotinamide with parabens: effect on solubility, partition and transdermal permeation. |
PubMed: | Urinary excretion of phthalates and paraben after repeated whole-body topical application in humans. |
PubMed: | Electrospun polymer nanofibers as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the determination of trace pollutants in environmental water. |
PubMed: | Genotoxic effects of environmental estrogen-like compounds in CHO-K1 cells. |
PubMed: | Hydrolysis of a series of parabens by skin microsomes and cytosol from human and minipigs and in whole skin in short-term culture. |
PubMed: | Assessment of principal parabens used in cosmetics after their passage through human epidermis-dermis layers (ex-vivo study). |
PubMed: | Systemic uptake of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and butyl paraben following whole-body topical application and reproductive and thyroid hormone levels in humans. |
PubMed: | [Enhancement of di-n-butyl phthalate on the estrogenic activities of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid]. |
PubMed: | [Simultaneous determination of nine kinds of preservatives in foods by HPLC]. |
PubMed: | Effect of abrasion induced by a rotating brush on the skin permeation of solutes with varying physicochemical properties. |
PubMed: | Simultaneous determination of antioxidants, preservatives and sweetener additives in food and cosmetics by flow injection analysis coupled to a monolithic column. |
PubMed: | [Simultaneous determination of phthalates and parabens in cosmetic products by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry coupled with solid phase extraction]. |
PubMed: | Studies on the lipophilicity of vehicles (or co-vehicles) and botanical oils used in cosmetic products. |
PubMed: | Influence of crystal structure on the tableting properties of n-alkyl 4-hydroxybenzoate esters (parabens). |
PubMed: | Antiandrogenic properties of parabens and other phenolic containing small molecules in personal care products. |
PubMed: | Temporal stability of the conjugated species of bisphenol A, parabens, and other environmental phenols in human urine. |
PubMed: | Investigating protein haptenation mechanisms of skin sensitisers using human serum albumin as a model protein. |
PubMed: | Simultaneous determination of seven phthalates and four parabens in cosmetic products using HPLC-DAD and GC-MS methods. |
PubMed: | Parabens inhibit human skin estrogen sulfotransferase activity: possible link to paraben estrogenic effects. |
PubMed: | Comparison of objective and sensory skin irritations of several cosmetic preservatives. |
PubMed: | Variability in human skin permeability in vitro: comparing penetrants with different physicochemical properties. |
PubMed: | Comparison of the global gene expression profiles produced by methylparaben, n-butylparaben and 17beta-oestradiol in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. |
PubMed: | Acceleration of paraben sorption to polyethylene terephthalate: a freeze-thaw phenomenon. |
PubMed: | The influence of physicochemical properties of preservative compounds on their distribution into various phases of oil in water submicron emulsion. |
PubMed: | Influence of crystal structure on the compaction properties of n-alkyl 4-hydroxybenzoate esters (parabens). |
PubMed: | Simultaneous analysis of antioxidants and preservatives in cosmetics by supercritical fluid extraction combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Effector-repressor interactions, binding of a single effector molecule to the operator-bound TtgR homodimer mediates derepression. |
PubMed: | Expression profiling of estrogen-responsive genes in breast cancer cells treated with alkylphenols, chlorinated phenols, parabens, or bis- and benzoylphenols for evaluation of estrogenic activity. |
PubMed: | Determination of parabens in pharmaceutical formulations by solid-phase microextraction-ion mobility spectrometry. |
PubMed: | A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health. |
PubMed: | The effect of unsaturated fatty acids in benzyl alcohol on the percutaneous permeation of three model penetrants. |
PubMed: | Morphometric analysis of mice uteri treated with the preservatives methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylparaben. |
PubMed: | Estrogenicity of butylparaben in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss exposed via food and water. |
PubMed: | Safety assessment of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens). |
PubMed: | Estrogenic activity of cosmetic components in reporter cell lines: parabens, UV screens, and musks. |
PubMed: | Decrease in skin permeation and antibacterial effect of parabens by a polymeric additive, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-butylmetacrylate). |
PubMed: | Comment on developmental toxicity evaluation of butylparaben in Sprague-Dawley rats. |
PubMed: | In vivo and in vitro estrogen bioactivities of alkyl parabens. |
PubMed: | Separation of preservatives in cosmetic products by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. |
PubMed: | Developmental toxicity evaluation of butylparaben in Sprague-Dawley rats. |
PubMed: | [Inhibitory effect of zinc on beta-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells by synthetic chemicals]. |
PubMed: | Biotransformation of chlorpropham (CIPC) in isolated rat hepatocytes and xenoestrogenic activity of CIPC and its metabolites by in vitro assays. |
PubMed: | Effect of heat on the percutaneous absorption and skin retention of three model penetrants. |
PubMed: | Determination of cisapride, its oxidation product, propyl and butyl parabens in pharmaceutical dosage form by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. |
PubMed: | Additive estrogenic activities of the binary mixtures of four estrogenic chemicals in recombinant yeast expressing human estrogen receptor. |
PubMed: | [Determination of 4 antiseptics and 6 sunscreen agents in cosmetic products by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography]. |
PubMed: | Oestrogenic activity of benzylparaben. |
PubMed: | Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system. |
PubMed: | Oestrogenic activity of isobutylparaben in vitro and in vivo. |
PubMed: | Benzoate X receptors alpha and beta are pharmacologically distinct and do not function as xenobiotic receptors. |
PubMed: | Effects of butyl paraben on the male reproductive system in mice. |
PubMed: | Effects of butylparaben on the male reproductive system in rats. |
PubMed: | Decreased sperm number and motile activity on the F1 offspring maternally exposed to butyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid (butyl paraben). |
PubMed: | Oestrogenic activity of parabens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. |
PubMed: | The effect of surface charge and partition coefficient on the chemical stability of solutes in O/W emulsions. |
PubMed: | Controlled drug release from gels using surfactant aggregates: I. Effect of lipophilic interactions for a series of uncharged substances. |
PubMed: | ER-dependent estrogenic activity of parabens assessed by proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and expression of ERalpha and PR. |
PubMed: | A fast and efficient determination of amines and preservatives in cough and cold liquid and suspension formulations using a single isocratic ion-pairing high performance [correction of power] liquid chromatography method. |
PubMed: | The influence of type and quantity of model drug on the extrusion/spheronization of mixtures with microcrystalline cellulose. I. Extrusion parameters. |
PubMed: | The first example of a paraben-dependent antibody to an Rh protein. |
PubMed: | [Competitive binding of some alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates to human estrogen receptor alpha and beta]. |
PubMed: | The preservatives ethyl-, propyl- and butylparaben are oestrogenic in an in vivo fish assay. |
PubMed: | Separation and determination of haloperidol, parabens and some of their degradation products by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. |
PubMed: | Synthesis and biological activity of alpha-methylene-gamma-lactones as new aroma chemicals. |
PubMed: | Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of parabens in a cosmetic product. |
PubMed: | Determination of serum concentrations of glycyrrhizin in humans by semi-micro high-performance liquid chromatography after administration of a therapeutic dose. |
PubMed: | High performance liquid chromatographic determination of ambroxol in the presence of different preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations. |
PubMed: | Lack of oestrogenic effects of food preservatives (parabens) in uterotrophic assays. |
PubMed: | A novel percolation method for determining solubilities of pharmaceutical agents in semisolid vehicles. |
PubMed: | Physical properties of parabens and their mixtures: solubility in water, thermal behavior, and crystal structures. |
PubMed: | Membrane locus and pH sensitivity of paraben inhibition of alkali production by oral streptococci. |
PubMed: | A centrifuge technique for the evaluation of the extent of water movement in wet powder masses. |
PubMed: | Theoretical analysis of the effect of cutaneous metabolism on skin permeation of parabens based on a two-layer skin diffusion/metabolism model. |
PubMed: | Some alkyl hydroxy benzoate preservatives (parabens) are estrogenic. |
PubMed: | Prolonged erythema after chemical peel. |
PubMed: | Mechanism of p-hydroxybenzoate ester-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. |
PubMed: | Lipo-microdialysis: a new microdialysis method for studying the pharmacokinetics of lipophilic substances. |
PubMed: | Perfusion cells for studying regional variation in oral-mucosal permeability in humans. I: Kinetic aspects in oral-mucosal absorption of alkylparabens. |
PubMed: | Skin permeation of parabens in excised guinea pig dorsal skin, its modification by penetration enhancers and their relationship with n-octanol/water partition coefficients. |
PubMed: | Cytotoxicity of food preservatives in cultured rat hepatocytes loaded with linolenic acid. |
PubMed: | Effects of skin metabolism on percutaneous penetration of lipophilic drugs. |
PubMed: | Effects of the structures of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers on uptake of butyl p-hydroxybenzoate by Escherichia coli and its antibacterial activity. |
PubMed: | Irreversible paraben inhibition of glycolysis by Streptococcus mutans GS-5. |
PubMed: | Evaluation of stinging-inducing chemicals using cultured neuronal cells: an electrophysiological approach. |
PubMed: | High performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenoxetol, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, n-propyl paraben, iso-butyl paraben, n-butyl paraben and croconazole.HCl. |
PubMed: | Relationship between uptake of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters by Escherichia coli and antibacterial activity. |
PubMed: | Absorption of sunscreens and other compounds through human skin in vivo: derivation of a method to predict maximum fluxes. |
PubMed: | Contents of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and benzylparaben in cosmetic products. |
PubMed: | Sulfation of parabens and tyrosylpeptides by bacterial arylsulfate sulfotransferases. |
PubMed: | Modulation by alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates of voltage- and ligand-gated channels in peripheral neuronal cells. |
PubMed: | Comparative analysis of percutaneous absorption enhancement by d-limonene and oleic acid based on a skin diffusion model. |
PubMed: | In vivo and in vitro analysis of skin penetration enhancement based on a two-layer diffusion model with polar and nonpolar routes in the stratum corneum. |
PubMed: | Production, nutritional profiles and storability of 'aadun' and 'kokoro': two corn products. |
PubMed: | The esters of p-hydroxy-benzoate (parabens) inhibit the release of lysosomal enzymes by mitogen-stimulated peripheral human lymphocytes in culture. |
PubMed: | Inclusion complexation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins. On changes in solubility and antimicrobial activity. |
PubMed: | Determination of cinnamic acid and paeoniflorin in traditional Chinese medicinal preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography. |
PubMed: | Evaluation of the effect of butyl p-hydroxybenzoate on the proteolytic activity and membrane function of human spermatozoa. |
PubMed: | In vitro spermicidal activity of parabens against human spermatozoa. |
PubMed: | Simultaneous determination of the nine food additives using high-performance liquid chromatography. |
PubMed: | Routine patch testing with paraben esters. |
PubMed: | Determination of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters in cosmetics by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection. |
PubMed: | Percutaneous absorption of butylparaben from liposomes in vitro. |
PubMed: | Preservative activity and in vivo percutaneous penetration of butylparaben entrapped in liposomes. |
PubMed: | Reactive oxygen species formed in vitro and in cells: role of thiols (GSH). Model studies with xanthine oxidase and horseradish peroxidase. |
PubMed: | Tumorigenicity study of butyl and isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoates administered orally to mice. |
PubMed: | High-performance liquid chromatography method for the separation of isomers of 9 beta-methylcarbacyclin (ciprostene) and the analysis of pharmaceutical samples. |
PubMed: | Percutaneous absorption of butylparaben in vitro. II. Effects of micellar trapping of the drug and percutaneous absorption of nonionic surfactants. |
PubMed: | Determinations of tiodazosin and levulinic acid from tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography. |
PubMed: | The effect of parabens on DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. |
PubMed: | Determination of antimicrobial preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations using reverse-phase liquid chromatography. |
PubMed: | Specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of glyburide. |
PubMed: | Percutaneous absorption of butylparaben through guinea pig skin in vitro. |
PubMed: | On the solubilization properties of surfactant-polymer complexes. |
PubMed: | [Combined effect of antiseptics. II. Combined effect of sodium benzoate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate and sodium dehydroacetate]. |
PubMed: | [Combines effect of antiseptics. I. Combined effect of butyl p-hydroxybenzoate and sodium dehydroacetate]. |
PubMed: | Inhibition of microorganisms by topical anesthetics. |
PubMed: | Investigation of some complexes formed in solution by caffeine. III. Interactions between caffeine and aspirin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, salicylate ion, and butyl paraben. |
|