Category: flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: | pale yellow clear liquid (est) |
Assay: | 96.00 to 100.00 %
|
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
Specific Gravity: | 0.92900 to 0.93700 @ 25.00 °C.
|
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: | 7.730 to 7.797
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Refractive Index: | 1.50100 to 1.50600 @ 20.00 °C.
|
Flash Point: | > 212.00 °F. TCC ( > 100.00 °C. )
|
logP (o/w): | 4.100 |
Soluble in: |
| alcohol | | water, 25.16 mg/L @ 25 °C (est) |
Insoluble in: |
| water |
Stability: |
| bath foam | | cream | | hair spray | | lipstick | | lotion | | non-discoloring in most media | | powder | | shampoo | | soap |
Organoleptic Properties:
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Odor Type: floral |
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Odor Strength: | medium , recommend smelling in a 10.00 % solution or less |
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Substantivity: | 112 hour(s) at 100.00 % |
|
| violet sweet floral woody |
Odor Description: at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. | violet sweet floral woody |
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Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
|
Givaudan |
Ionone |
Odor Description: | violet sweet floral woody Ionone has a warm and woody character, with the suggestion of balsam and violet flowers. |
|
Givaudan |
Irisone® Pure |
Odor Description: | Floral, Orris, Violet, Fruity, Woody Irisone Pure is widely used in perfumes designed for functional products. Its powerful, rich, floral-violet character is easy to blend with many floral, woody, aldehydic, fruity and chypre accords. Sweeter than Irisone Alpha, this grade of ionone has an excellent price/performance ratio. good substantivity. |
|
Alfrebro |
IONONES MIXED NATURAL |
Odor Description: | Warm Woody Floral |
|
|
Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Advanced Biotech |
IONONE NATURAL
|
Advanced Biotech |
IONONES MIXED 7.7 NATURAL
|
Alfrebro |
IONONES MIXED NATURAL 50% IN ETHANOL
|
Alfrebro |
IONONES MIXED NATURAL
Odor: Warm Woody Floral |
Astral Extracts |
Ionone Mixed
98% |
Augustus Oils |
Ionone Pure
|
Services |
Aurochemicals |
IONONE MIXTURE, Natural
|
Azelis UK |
IONONE 100%
|
Berjé |
Ionone Alpha-Beta
|
Media |
Berjé |
Ionone For Soap
|
Diffusions Aromatiques |
IONONE MIXTE
|
Elan Inc. |
FERMENTA BERRY
(Mixed Ionones)(natural), Kosher |
Fleurchem |
ionone, alpha and beta natural
|
Givaudan |
Ionone
Odor: violet sweet floral woody Use: Ionone has a warm and woody character, with the suggestion of balsam and violet flowers. |
Givaudan |
Irisone® Pure
Odor: Floral, Orris, Violet, Fruity, Woody Use: Irisone Pure is widely used in perfumes designed for functional products. Its powerful, rich, floral-violet character is easy to blend with many floral, woody, aldehydic, fruity and chypre accords. Sweeter than Irisone Alpha, this grade of ionone has an excellent price/performance ratio. good substantivity. |
Global Essence |
Ionone 100%
|
Indukern F&F |
IRISONE PURE
Odor: FLORAL, VIOLET, FRUITY, WOODY |
Inoue Perfumery |
IONONE
|
Keva |
IONONE PURE
|
Kun Shan P&A |
Ionone100%
|
Lluch Essence |
IONONE 100%
|
Penta International |
IONONE NATURAL MIXTURE
|
Penta International |
IRISONE PURE
|
Phoenix Aromas & Essential Oils |
Ionone 100% Natural
|
Privi Organics |
Ionone 100%
|
Reincke & Fichtner |
Ionone
|
Takasago |
Ionone FG
|
The Fragrance Museum |
Taytonn ASCC |
Ionone 100%
|
The John D. Walsh Company |
Ionone Extra
|
WEN International |
IONONES Natural
|
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View |
European information : |
Most important hazard(s): | Xi - Irritant |
R 38 - Irritating to skin. S 24 - Avoid contact with skin.
|
|
Hazards identification |
|
Classification of the substance or mixture |
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
None found. |
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
|
Pictogram | |
|
Hazard statement(s) |
None found. |
Precautionary statement(s) |
None found. |
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-rat LD50 4590 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
BEHAVIORAL: TREMOR Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 327, 1964.
|
Dermal Toxicity: |
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 2605 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: ANTICONVULSANT
BEHAVIORAL: SLEEP Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Scientific Edition. Vol. 46, Pg. 77, 1957.
|
Inhalation Toxicity: |
Not determined
|
Safety in Use Information:
Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
IFRA Critical Effect: | Sensitization |
IFRA Other Specification: | <= 2% Pseudoionone |
maximum skin levels for fine fragrances: | | 1.5700 % and are based on the assumption that the fragrance mixture is used at 20% in a consumer product (IFRA Use Level Survey). (IFRA, 2002)
|
Recommendation for ionone mixed isomers usage levels up to: | | 10.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
|
use level in formulae for use in cosmetics: | | 3.0000 %
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Dermal Systemic Exposure in Cosmetic Products: | | 0.08 mg/kg/day (IFRA, 2002)
|
|
Safety References:
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
|
For Odor |
aldehydic |
2,6- | dimethyl-2,18-nonadecadien-8-one | |
3- | methyl-4-hexyl oxybutyraldehyde | FR |
amber |
| cistus ladaniferus resinoid | FL/FR |
balsamic |
| abies alba needle oil | FL/FR |
| amyris wood oil | FL/FR |
iso | bornyl propionate | FL/FR |
| cinnamyl formate | FL/FR |
| copaiba balsam oil | FL/FR |
| fir carboxylate | FR |
scotch | pine wood/needles resinoid | FR |
berry |
| raspberry ketone methyl ether | FL/FR |
citrus |
| bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy | FL/FR |
(R)- | citronellyl nitrile | FR |
| citronitrile (Symrise) | FR |
2- | heptanol | FL/FR |
ethereal |
3- | cyclohexyl propyl acetate | |
fatty |
| butyl undecylenate | FL/FR |
(S)- | dihydro-gamma-ionone | |
(R)- | dihydro-gamma-ionone | |
| hexyl pivalate | FR |
fermented |
| methyl decanoate | FL/FR |
floral |
| acetal 318 | FR |
iso | amyl angelate | FL/FR |
| anise indene | FR |
| benzaldehyde propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
| benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| benzyl acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| benzyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| benzyl phenyl carbinol | |
| blue lagoon fragrance | FR |
| boronia absolute | FL/FR |
| bursera graveolens wood oil | FL/FR |
| cassie absolute | FL/FR |
(S)- | citronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| citronellyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| citronellyl formate | FL/FR |
| citronellyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
(E)- | citronellyl tiglate | FL/FR |
3- | cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, methyl ester | FR |
4- | cyclohexyl cyclohexanone | FR |
| cymbopogon validus leaf oil | FR |
| dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate | FL/FR |
2,4- | dimethyl cyclohexyl methyl acetate | FR |
3,6- | dimethyl-3-octyl acetate | FR |
| ethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| ethyl ethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| eucalyptus macarthurii oil | FR |
| geraniol | FL/FR |
| geranyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| heliotropin | FL/FR |
| hibiscus fragrance | FR |
alpha- | ionone | FL/FR |
alpha- | irone | FL/FR |
| jasmin cyclopentanone | FR |
iso | jasmone | FL/FR |
| linalyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| linalyl propionate | FL/FR |
| magnolia flower oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| magnolia specialty | FR |
| menthadienyl formate | FR |
ortho- | methoxybenzyl ethyl ether | FR |
| methoxymelonal | FL/FR |
1-(2- | methyl allyl oxy)-3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butane | FR |
para- | methyl benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| methyl benzyl acetate (mixed ortho-,meta-,para-) | FL/FR |
beta-iso | methyl ionone | FL/FR |
N- | methyl ionone | FR |
alpha-iso | methyl ionone (50% min.) | FL/FR |
alpha-iso | methyl ionone (90% min.) | FL/FR |
| methyl ionyl acetate | FL/FR |
| mimosa absolute france | FL/FR |
pink | nelumbo nucifera flower absolute | FR |
white | nelumbo nucifera flower absolute | FR |
white | nelumbo nucifera flower concrete | FR |
3- | nonanon-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
1-( | octahydro-4,7-methanoinden-5-yl)-propan-2-one + 1-(6-methyloctahydro-4,7-methanoinden-5-yl)-ethanone | |
| orris butenone | FR |
| orris pyridine 25% IPM | FR |
| orris rhizome absolute (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| orris rhizome absolute replacer | FR |
| orris rhizome concrete butter (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| osmanthus absolute replacer | FR |
| osmanthus concrete | FL/FR |
| petitgrain mandarin oil | FL/FR |
| phenethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| phenethyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| phenethyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
1- | phenyl propyl butyrate | FL/FR |
2- | phenyl propyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
4- | phenyl-3-buten-2-ol | FL/FR |
iso | propyl benzoate | FL/FR |
| rhodinyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| rose undecene | FR |
| souroubea specialty | FR |
| star fruit oil cuba | FL/FR |
| styralyl propionate | FL/FR |
| terpinyl valerate | FL/FR |
| tetrahydroionyl acetate | FR |
| ylang ylang flower oil | FL/FR |
fruity |
| allyl benzoate | FR |
| apricot essence | FL/FR |
| benzaldehyde / methyl anthranilate schiff's base | FR |
| benzyl propionate | FL/FR |
| benzyl valerate | FL/FR |
| berry hexanoate | FR |
| buchu wood specialty | FL/FR |
| butyl 2-naphthyl ether | FL/FR |
iso | butyl furyl propionate | FL/FR |
| citronellyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
(E)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
(Z)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
1-(3,3- | dimethyl bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-yl)-2-methyl cyclohex-3-ene carbaldehyde | FR |
1,4- | dimethyl bicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl acetate | FR |
1,2- | dimethyl butyl 2-butenoate | FR |
(R)-gamma- | dodecalactone | FL/FR |
| eriocephalus punctulatus flower oil | FR |
trans-1- | ethyl-2-methyl propyl 2-butenoate | FL/FR |
1- | ethyl-2-methyl propyl chrysanthemumate | |
1- | ethyl-2-methyl propyl tiglate | |
2- | ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-oxathiane | |
| geranyl acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| ginsene | FR |
| green acetate | FR |
| heptyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
beta- | ionone epoxide | FL/FR |
alpha- | ionyl ethyl ether | |
| linalool oxide acetates | FL/FR |
3- | mercaptohexyl acetate | FL/FR |
| methyl (Z)-5-octenoate | FL/FR |
| methyl bicycloheptenyl methyloxirane carboxylate | FR |
| methyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
(E)-7- | methyl-3-octen-2-one | FL/FR |
(±)-3- | methyl-gamma-decalactone | FL/FR |
| myrascone | FR |
2- | nonanone propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
alpha- | ocimene | FL/FR |
| octyl propionate | FL/FR |
| peach nitrile | FR |
2- | pentanone | FL/FR |
| perillyl acetate | FL/FR |
| pineapple hydroxyhexanoate | FL/FR |
| plum damascone (high alpha) | FR |
| sambucus canadensis fruit absolute | FL/FR |
| strawberry glycidate 1 (aldehyde C-16 (so-called)) | FL/FR |
(R)- | styralyl acetate | FL/FR |
1,3,3,5- | tetramethyl-7 and 8-acetyl bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-5-ene | |
1,3,3,5- | tetramethyl-7 and 8-cyanobicyclo(2.2.2)octane | |
4-(para- | tolyl)-2-butanone | FL/FR |
2- | undecanone | FL/FR |
cis- | woody acetate | FR |
green |
iso | amyl 3-(2-furan) propionate | FL/FR |
| methyl heptine carbonate | FL/FR |
1-( | octahydro-4,7-methanoinden-5-yl)-propan-2-ol | |
| styralyl acetate | FL/FR |
1-[(3aS,7aR)-3a,4,7,7a- | tetrahydro-1H-inden-6-yl]ethanone | FR |
herbal |
| bornyl 2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| bornyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| bursera graveolens wood | |
| chamomile isobutyrate | FR |
| chamomile propionate | FR |
| clary sage oil france | FL/FR |
| daucus carota fruit oil | FL/FR |
| geranium cyclohexane | FR |
| herbal specialty | FR |
| herbal undecanone | FR |
abrialis | lavandin oil | FL/FR |
| methyl cyclogeranate (Firmenich) | FR |
| nonisyl acetate | FR |
beta-sesqui | phellandrene | |
| tagete oil madagascar | FL/FR |
| tricyclodecenyl propionate | FR |
medicinal |
ortho- | cresyl acetate | FL/FR |
powdery |
| dimethyl ionone | FR |
alpha- | methyl ionone | FL/FR |
(E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (44-50%) | FL/FR |
(E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (50-60%) | FL/FR |
(E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (74-80%) | FL/FR |
spicy |
N,N- | diethyl octanamide | FR |
| green oxane | FR |
| honey extract | CS |
| pepper tree berry oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| spicy acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| turmeric root oil china | FL/FR |
terpenic |
| frankincense oil | FL/FR |
tropical |
| genet absolute | FL/FR |
| triflaige A (ZEON) | FR |
waxy |
| dihydrocitronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| ethyl myristate | FL/FR |
(E)- | methyl geranate | FL/FR |
| orris rhizome oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| phytyl acetate | FL/FR |
woody |
| cedarwood oil virginia | FR |
| cedrela wood oil | FR |
alpha- | cedrene epoxide | FR |
2- | decalinyl acetate | FR |
| melozol acetate | FR |
| methyl cedryl ketone | FL/FR |
| myrtenyl isobutyrate | |
2-N- | propoxy-3(5)-methyl pyrazine | |
| rhubarb oxirane | FR |
| sandalwood oil | FL/FR |
| spicy pentanone | FL/FR |
1-(5',5',6'- | trimethyl bicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2'-ylidene) propan-2-one | FR |
| woody acetate | FR |
|
For Flavor |
|
No flavor group found for these |
1- | acetyl cyclohexyl acetate | FL |
iso | amyl angelate | FL/FR |
| benzyl phenyl carbinol | |
| benzyl valerate | FL/FR |
| bornyl 2-methyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| bornyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| buchu wood specialty | FL/FR |
| bursera graveolens wood | |
| bursera graveolens wood oil | FL/FR |
| butyl 2-naphthyl ether | FL/FR |
2- | butyl thiophene | FL |
| cistus ladaniferus resinoid | FL/FR |
ortho- | cresyl acetate | FL/FR |
3- | cyclohexyl propyl acetate | |
(S)- | dihydro-gamma-ionone | |
(R)- | dihydro-gamma-ionone | |
| dihydrocitronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
2,6- | dimethyl-2,18-nonadecadien-8-one | |
S-(2,5- | dimethyl-3-furyl) ethane thioate | FL |
(R)-gamma- | dodecalactone | FL/FR |
| elecampane root absolute | FL |
| ethyl 3-hydroxyoctanoate | FL |
| ethyl ethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
trans-1- | ethyl-2-methyl propyl 2-butenoate | FL/FR |
1- | ethyl-2-methyl propyl chrysanthemumate | |
1- | ethyl-2-methyl propyl tiglate | |
2- | ethyl-4-methyl-1,3-oxathiane | |
| heptyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
4- | hydroxyphenethyl alcohol | FL |
beta- | ionone epoxide | FL/FR |
alpha- | ionyl ethyl ether | |
| linalool oxide acetates | FL/FR |
| magnolia flower oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| methyl benzyl acetate (mixed ortho-,meta-,para-) | FL/FR |
(E)- | methyl geranate | FL/FR |
beta-iso | methyl ionone | FL/FR |
(E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (44-50%) | FL/FR |
(E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (50-60%) | FL/FR |
| myrtenyl isobutyrate | |
2- | nonanone propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
alpha- | ocimene | FL/FR |
1-( | octahydro-4,7-methanoinden-5-yl)-propan-2-ol | |
1-( | octahydro-4,7-methanoinden-5-yl)-propan-2-one + 1-(6-methyloctahydro-4,7-methanoinden-5-yl)-ethanone | |
beta-sesqui | phellandrene | |
1- | phenyl propyl butyrate | FL/FR |
2- | phenyl propyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
2-N- | propoxy-3(5)-methyl pyrazine | |
iso | propyl benzoate | FL/FR |
(R)- | styralyl acetate | FL/FR |
1,3,3,5- | tetramethyl-7 and 8-acetyl bicyclo(2.2.2)oct-5-ene | |
1,3,3,5- | tetramethyl-7 and 8-cyanobicyclo(2.2.2)octane | |
| vitispirane | FL |
|
iso | amyl 3-(2-furan) propionate | FL/FR |
| benzyl acetoacetate | FL/FR |
iso | butyl furyl propionate | FL/FR |
beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
balsamic |
iso | bornyl propionate | FL/FR |
| copaiba balsam oil | FL/FR |
berry |
| raspberry ketone methyl ether | FL/FR |
burnt |
| ethyl 2-furoate | FL |
cherry |
| heliotropin | FL/FR |
citrus |
| bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italy | FL/FR |
| petitgrain mandarin oil | FL/FR |
| styralyl propionate | FL/FR |
dairy |
| methyl (Z)-5-octenoate | FL/FR |
estery |
| octyl propionate | FL/FR |
ethereal |
| methyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
fatty |
| methyl decanoate | FL/FR |
(E)-7- | methyl-3-octen-2-one | FL/FR |
floral |
(S)- | citronellyl acetate | FL/FR |
| citronellyl hexanoate | FL/FR |
| dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate | FL/FR |
| geraniol | FL/FR |
| geranyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
alpha- | ionone | FL/FR |
| linalyl butyrate | FL/FR |
2- | methyl butyl 3-methyl butenoate | FL |
alpha-iso | methyl ionone (50% min.) | FL/FR |
(E)-alpha- | methyl ionone (74-80%) | FL/FR |
alpha-iso | methyl ionone (90% min.) | FL/FR |
| orris rhizome concrete butter (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
| phenethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
| rhodinyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| ylang ylang flower oil | FL/FR |
| apricot essence | FL/FR |
| benzaldehyde propylene glycol acetal | FL/FR |
| benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
| benzyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
| benzyl propionate | FL/FR |
| boronia absolute | FL/FR |
| citronellyl butyrate | FL/FR |
| citronellyl formate | FL/FR |
| citronellyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
(Z)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
(E)-beta- | damascone | FL/FR |
| ethyl anthranilate | FL/FR |
2- | heptanol | FL/FR |
2- | hexyl-4-acetoxytetrahydrofuran | FL |
| methoxymelonal | FL/FR |
para- | methyl benzyl acetate | FL/FR |
alpha- | methyl ionone | FL/FR |
3- | nonanon-1-yl acetate | FL/FR |
| osmanthus concrete | FL/FR |
2- | pentanone | FL/FR |
| phenethyl isovalerate | FL/FR |
| pineapple hydroxyhexanoate | FL/FR |
| sambucus canadensis fruit absolute | FL/FR |
| spicy pentanone | FL/FR |
| star fruit oil cuba | FL/FR |
| strawberry glycidate 1 (aldehyde C-16 (so-called)) | FL/FR |
| styralyl acetate | FL/FR |
| tagete oil madagascar | FL/FR |
| terpinyl valerate | FL/FR |
4-(para- | tolyl)-2-butanone | FL/FR |
green |
(E)- | citronellyl tiglate | FL/FR |
iso | jasmone | FL/FR |
| methyl heptine carbonate | FL/FR |
| perillyl acetate | FL/FR |
hay |
| genet absolute | FL/FR |
herbal |
| clary sage oil france | FL/FR |
| daucus carota fruit oil | FL/FR |
abrialis | lavandin oil | FL/FR |
| linalyl propionate | FL/FR |
honey |
| phenethyl isobutyrate | FL/FR |
musty |
| geranyl acetoacetate | FL/FR |
nutty |
| phytyl acetate | FL/FR |
spicy |
| cassie absolute | FL/FR |
| cinnamyl formate | FL/FR |
| pepper tree berry oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| spicy acetoacetate | FL/FR |
| turmeric root oil china | FL/FR |
| orris rhizome absolute (iris pallida) | FL/FR |
terpenic |
| abies alba needle oil | FL/FR |
tropical |
3- | mercaptohexyl acetate | FL/FR |
waxy |
| butyl undecylenate | FL/FR |
| ethyl myristate | FL/FR |
(±)-3- | methyl-gamma-decalactone | FL/FR |
| mimosa absolute france | FL/FR |
4- | phenyl-3-buten-2-ol | FL/FR |
2- | undecanone | FL/FR |
woody |
| amyris wood oil | FL/FR |
| frankincense oil | FL/FR |
alpha- | irone | FL/FR |
| methyl cedryl ketone | FL/FR |
| methyl ionyl acetate | FL/FR |
| orris rhizome oil CO2 extract | FL/FR |
| sandalwood oil | FL/FR |
|
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| cyclocitrylidenacetone, alpha and beta isomers | | fermenta berry | alpha,beta- | ionone | | ionone (mixed isomers) | | ionone alpha-beta | alpha,beta- | ionone mix natural | | ionone mixed | | ionone natural | | ionone, alpha and beta natural | | ionones mixed 7.7 natural | | ionones natural | | irisone bis | | irisone coeur | (1)-4-(2,6,6- | trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one | 4-(2,6,6- | trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one | 4-(2,6,6- | trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)but-3-en-2-one | | violette AI II | | violettone A |
Articles:
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