Category: flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: | white to amber yellow crystalline solid powder (est) |
Assay: | 97.00 to 100.00 %
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Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | Yes |
Melting Point: | 51.00 to 54.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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Boiling Point: | 253.00 to 254.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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Congealing Point: | 51.10 °C.
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Vapor Pressure: | 0.012200 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. |
Flash Point: | > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. )
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logP (o/w): | 2.140 |
Shelf Life: | 36.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly. |
Storage: | store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
Soluble in: |
| alcohol | | fixed oils | | propylene glycol | | water, 3560 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp) |
Insoluble in: |
| glycerin |
Organoleptic Properties:
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Odor Type: animal |
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Odor Strength: | high , recommend smelling in a 1.00 % solution or less |
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Substantivity: | 400 hour(s) at 50.00 % in dipropylene glycol |
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| animal floral naphthyl fecal |
Odor Description: at 1.00 % in dipropylene glycol. | animal floral moth ball fecal naphthelene Luebke, William tgsc, (1982) |
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| pungent floral naphthyl fecal animal musty |
Odor Description: at 1.00 %. | Pungent, floral, slightly naphtha and mothball like with a fecal and animalic musty character Mosciano, Gerard P&F 26, No. 3, 80, (2001) |
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Flavor Type: animal |
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| animal fecal naphthyl earthy phenolic chemical |
Taste Description: at 0.30 - 2.00 ppm. | Animal, fecal, naphthyl, with earthy, perfumey, phenolic and chemical nuances Mosciano, Gerard P&F 26, No. 3, 80, (2001) |
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Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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Alfrebro |
INDOLE (EU NAT) |
Odor Description: | Floral on high dilution |
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Moellhausen |
INDOLE |
Odor Description: | penetrating, animal, faecal |
Taste Description: | musky, faecal, cheese |
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PerfumersWorld |
Indole |
Odor Description: | strong moth ball naphthelene erogenic-floral animal narcotic-floral jasmine slightly musk fecal Blends-well-with - +Phenyl Acetic Acid +Mimosa |
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Pell Wall Perfumes |
Indole |
Odor Description: | Animalic, floral-heady, faecal, naphthelene / moth-balls Arctander writes extensively about this material; here are a couple of extracts: “Extremely diffusive and powerful odor, almost tarry-repulsive and choking when concentrated, but in concentrations lower than 0.1%. or in compositions, it shows powerful floral notes and pleasant radiation. Good tenacity, in spite of the volatility at room temperature.” |
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Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
ACS International |
Indole
Odor: animal fecal earthy musty |
Operational Capabilities |
Advanced Biotech |
INDOLE 0.6% IN ETOH NATURAL
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Advanced Biotech |
INDOLE 1% IN ETOH NATURAL
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Advanced Biotech |
INDOLE 1% IN PG NATURAL
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Advanced Biotech |
INDOLE NATURAL
97% min. |
Alfa Biotechnology |
For experimental / research use only. |
Indole 98%
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Alfrebro |
INDOLE (EU NAT)
Odor: Floral on high dilution |
Alfrebro |
INDOLE (EU NAT)
Odor: Floral on high dilution |
Alfrebro |
INDOLE NATURAL 1% IN ETHANOL
Odor: Floral on high dilution |
Anhui Haibei |
Indole
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Augustus Oils |
Indole
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Services |
Axxence Aromatic |
INDOLE Natural
Kosher |
Sustainability |
Beijing Lys Chemicals |
Indole
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Berjé |
Indole Crystals
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Media |
BOC Sciences |
For experimental / research use only. |
Indole 95%
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BST Tianjin Co. |
Indole
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Creatingperfume.com |
Indole
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Diffusions Aromatiques |
INDOLE
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EMD Millipore |
For experimental / research use only. |
Indole
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Ernesto Ventós |
INDOLE, NATURAL
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Ernesto Ventós |
INDOLE
Odor: FECAL IF CONC., FLORAL IF DILUTED |
Excellentia International |
Indole Natural
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ExtraSynthese |
For experimental / research use only. |
Indole
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Global Essence |
Indole
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Hermitage Oils |
Indole 1% Natural Isolate
Odor: characteristic Use: Eleonora Scalseggi has this to say “Often called “magic” indole is indeed a very fascinating material whose importance in perfumery cannot be overstated. Depending on its concentration it can be terribly repulsive or immensely seductive, featuring in the aroma profile of some of the most bewitching floral scents on earth like jasmines and orange blossoms as well as in excrements. Indole is the seductive weapon devised by the most intoxicating night flowers to attract pollinators – usually moths. Funnily enough traces of indole in the aroma profile of a flower make it irresistible for humans too, capable of transforming a delicate, clean yet insignificant floral scent into a narcotic elixir. |
Indenta Group |
Indole
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Indis NV |
For experimental / research use only. |
Indole 99%
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Indukern F&F |
INDOL CRYST.
Odor: ANIMAL, FLORAL |
K.L. Koh Enterprise |
INDOLE
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Lluch Essence |
INDOLE CRYST.
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Lluch Essence |
INDOLE NATURAL
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M&U International |
INDOLE
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Moellhausen |
INDOLE 10%DPG
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Moellhausen |
INDOLE
Odor: penetrating, animal, faecal Flavor: musky, faecal, cheese |
Natural Advantage |
Indole Nat, 10% in OH
Flavor: creamy, floral, sweet |
Riverside Aromatics LTD.is the exclusive distributor for Europe in UK for any non-US based inquiries |
O'Laughlin Industries |
INDOLE
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Pell Wall Perfumes |
Indole
Odor: Animalic, floral-heady, faecal, naphthelene / moth-balls Use: Arctander writes extensively about this material; here are a couple of extracts: “Extremely diffusive and powerful odor, almost tarry-repulsive and choking when concentrated, but in concentrations lower than 0.1%. or in compositions, it shows powerful floral notes and pleasant radiation. Good tenacity, in spite of the volatility at room temperature.” |
Penta International |
INDOLE FCC GRADE
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Penta International |
INDOLE NATURAL (NEAT)
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Penta International |
INDOLE NATURAL IN ETHYL ALCOHOL
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Penta International |
INDOLE
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PerfumersWorld |
Indole 10% in DPG
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PerfumersWorld |
Indole
Odor: strong moth ball naphthelene erogenic-floral animal narcotic-floral jasmine slightly musk fecal Use: Blends-well-with - +Phenyl Acetic Acid +Mimosa |
Prodasynth |
INDOLE
(> 99%) Odor: FECAL IF CONC., FLORAL IF DILUTED |
Reincke & Fichtner |
Indole
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Sigma-Aldrich |
Indole, ≥99%, FG
Odor: butter; cheese; chocolate; grape; honey; jasmine; musty; floral; fatty; vanilla; animal; earthy; vegetable; wine-like; fishy |
Certified Food Grade Products |
Sigma-Aldrich |
Indole, natural, ≥97%, FG
Odor: floral; pungent; animalic |
SRS Aromatics |
INDOLE
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TCI AMERICA |
For experimental / research use only. |
Indole >99.0%(GC)
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The John D. Walsh Company |
Indole
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The Lermond Company |
INDOLE
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Vigon International |
Indole
Odor: UNPLEASANT ODOR IN HIGH CONCENTRATIONS, BUT FLORAL IN HIGHER DILUTIONS |
Zanos |
Indole
Odor: Powerful and harsh odour, with a-jasmine character on dilution |
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View |
European information : |
Most important hazard(s): | Xn N - Harmful, Dangerous for the environment. |
R 21/22 - Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed. R 37/38 - Irritating to respiratory system and skin. R 41 - Risk of serious damage to eyes. R 50/53 - Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke. S 22 - Do not breath dust. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S 60 - This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. S 61 - Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet.
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Hazards identification |
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Classification of the substance or mixture |
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 4), H302 Skin irritation (Category 2), H315 Serious eye damage (Category 1), H318 Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure (Category 3), Respiratory system, H335 Acute aquatic toxicity (Category 1), H400 Chronic aquatic toxicity (Category 1), H410
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GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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Pictogram | |
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Signal word | Danger |
Hazard statement(s) |
H302 - Harmful if swallowed H311 - Toxic in contact with skin H315 - Causes skin irritation H318 - Causes serious eye damage H335 - May cause respiratory irritation H400 - Very toxic to aquatic life H410 - Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
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Precautionary statement(s) |
P261 - Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. P264 - Wash skin thouroughly after handling. P270 - Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P271 - Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. P273 - Avoid release to the environment. P280 - Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. P301 + P312 - IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. P302 + P352 - IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water. P304 + P340 - IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. P305 + P351 + P338 - IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. P310 - Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. P330 - Rinse mouth. P332 + P313 - IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. P361 - Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. P391 - Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment P403 + P233 - Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. P405 - Store locked up. P501 - Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
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Human Experience: |
1 % solution: non-sensitising. |
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-rat LD50 [sex: M] 1000 mg/kg (Smyth et al., 1962)
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 117 mg/kg Yakugaku Zasshi. Journal of Pharmacy. Vol. 94, Pg. 1620, 1974.
oral-mouse LDLo 1070 mg/kg Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 111, 1985.
oral-rat LD50 1000 mg/kg American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 23, Pg. 95, 1962.
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Dermal Toxicity: |
skin-rabbit LD50 790 mg/kg American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol. 23, Pg. 95, 1962.
subcutaneous-mouse LD50 225 mg/kg Klinische Wochenscrift. Vol. 35, Pg. 504, 1957.
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Inhalation Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
Recommendation for indole usage levels up to: | | 2.0000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
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Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 26.00 (μg/capita/day) |
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 10.00 (μg/capita/day) |
Structure Class: | I |
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
publication number: 3 |
Click here to view publication 3 |
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
baked goods: | - | 0.58000 |
beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 0.26000 |
beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
breakfast cereal: | - | - |
cheese: | - | - |
chewing gum: | - | - |
condiments / relishes: | - | - |
confectionery froastings: | - | - |
egg products: | - | - |
fats / oils: | - | - |
fish products: | - | - |
frozen dairy: | - | 0.28000 |
fruit ices: | - | 0.28000 |
gelatins / puddings: | 0.02000 | 0.40000 |
granulated sugar: | - | - |
gravies: | - | - |
hard candy: | - | 0.50000 |
imitation dairy: | - | - |
instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
jams / jellies: | - | - |
meat products: | - | - |
milk products: | - | - |
nut products: | - | - |
other grains: | - | - |
poultry: | - | - |
processed fruits: | - | - |
processed vegetables: | - | - |
reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
snack foods: | - | - |
soft candy: | - | - |
soups: | - | - |
sugar substitutes: | - | - |
sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA): | Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... |
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 24 (FGE.24): Pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives from chemical group 28 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) View page or View pdf |
Pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives from chemical group 28 Flavouring Group Evaluation 24, Revision 1 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) View page or View pdf |
Flavouring Group Evaluation 77 (FGE77) [1] - Consideration of Pyridine, Pyrrole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to Pyridine, Pyrrole, Indole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev1 (2008) View page or View pdf |
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 77, Revision 2 (FGE.77Rev2): Consideration of Pyridine, Pyrrole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to Pyridine, Pyrrole, Indole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev2 (2013) View page or View pdf |
Safety and efficacy of pyridine and pyrrole derivatives belonging to chemical group 28 when used as flavourings for all animal species View page or View pdf |
Scientific opinion on flavouring group evaluation 77, revision 3 (FGE.77Rev3): consideration of pyridine, pyrrole and quinoline derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev2 View page or View pdf |
EPI System: | View |
ClinicalTrials.gov: | search |
Daily Med: | search |
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System: | Search |
AIDS Citations: | Search |
Cancer Citations: | Search |
Toxicology Citations: | Search |
Carcinogenic Potency Database: | Search |
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): | 120-72-9 |
EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 798 |
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
WISER: | UN 2811 |
WGK Germany: | 1 |
| 1H-indole |
Chemidplus: | 0000120729 |
RTECS: | NL2450000 for cas# 120-72-9 |
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
| azaindole | | benzazole | 1- | benzazole | 1- | benzo(b)pyrrole | | benzo[b]pyrrole | 1- | benzol(b)pyrrol | | benzopyrrole | 2,3- | benzopyrrole | 1-aza | indene | | indol cryst. | 1H- | indole | | indole 0.6% in ETOH natural | | indole 1% in ETOH natural | | indole 1% in PG natural | | indole crystals | | indole FCC | | indole natural | | ketole |
Articles:
PubMed: | Analysis of organic volatile flavor compounds in fermented stinky tofu using SPME with different fiber coatings. |
PubMed: | In vitro assessment of the effectiveness of non-nutritive sorbent materials as binding agents for boar taint compounds. |
PubMed: | Boar taint detection using parasitoid biosensors. |
PubMed: | Characteristic volatile components of Kabosu (Citrus sphaerocarpa Hort. ex Tanaka). |
PubMed: | Identification of odorous compounds in reclaimed water using FPA combined with sensory GC-MS. |
PubMed: | Ewe's diet (pasture vs grain-based feed) affects volatile profile of cooked meat from light lamb. |
PubMed: | Volatile compounds with characteristic odour in moso-bamboo stems (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houz. De ehaie). |
PubMed: | Functional analysis of a tomato salicylic acid methyl transferase and its role in synthesis of the flavor volatile methyl salicylate. |
PubMed: | Characterization and quantification of odor-active compounds in unsaturated fatty acid/conjugated linoleic acid (UFA/CLA)-enriched butter and in conventional butter during storage and induced oxidation. |
PubMed: | Characterization of volatile aroma compounds in cooked black rice. |
PubMed: | Analysis of volatile compounds in fresh healthy and diseased peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) using solvent free solid injection coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and confirmation with mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | [Identification of volatile organic compounds in the manures of cow, hog and chicken by solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry]. |
PubMed: | Production and engineering of terpenoids in plant cell culture. |
PubMed: | New insight into the biosynthesis and regulation of indole compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana. |
PubMed: | Identification, cloning, and characterization of a Lactococcus lactis branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase involved in flavor formation. |
PubMed: | Sensory evaluation of the synergism among odorants present in concentrations below their odor threshold in a Chinese jasmine green tea infusion. |
PubMed: | Analysis of alpha- and beta-carbolines in mainstream smoke of reference cigarettes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | The effect of age on distribution of skatole and indole levels in entire male pigs in four breeds: Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc. |
PubMed: | Acetyltransfer in natural product biosynthesis--functional cloning and molecular analysis of vinorine synthase. |
PubMed: | Characteristic aroma components of rennet casein. |
PubMed: | "Untypical aging off-flavor" in wine: synthesis of potential degradation compounds of indole-3-acetic acid and kynurenine and their evaluation as precursors of 2-aminoacetophenone. |
PubMed: | Determination of free and conjugated indole-3-acetic acid, tryptophan, and tryptophan metabolites in grape must and wine. |
PubMed: | Cytochrome P450 CYP79B2 from Arabidopsis catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-acetaldoxime, a precursor of indole glucosinolates and indole-3-acetic acid. |
PubMed: | Determination of tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites in grape must and wine. |
PubMed: | Off-flavor compounds in wine and other food products formed by enzymatical, physical, and chemical degradation of tryptophan and its metabolites. |
PubMed: | Identification of potent odorants in Japanese green tea (Sen-cha). |
PubMed: | Applications of High-Temperature Aqueous Media for Synthetic Organic Reactions. |
PubMed: | Interspecific hybrid between Allium cepa and Allium sativum. |
PubMed: | [Fundamental and clinical studies on cefadroxil dry syrup in children (author's transl)]. |
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