Category: flavor and fragrance agents
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Physical Properties:
Appearance: | white to tan powder (est) |
Assay: | 97.00 to 100.00 %
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Food Chemicals Codex Listed: | No |
Melting Point: | 95.00 to 97.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
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Boiling Point: | 265.00 to 266.00 °C. @ 755.00 mm Hg
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Vapor Pressure: | 0.015000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est) |
Flash Point: | 269.00 °F. TCC ( 131.67 °C. )
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logP (o/w): | 2.600 |
Shelf Life: | 36.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly. |
Storage: | store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light. |
Soluble in: |
| alcohol | | water, 498 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp) |
Stability: |
| hair spray | | powder | | soap |
Organoleptic Properties:
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Odor Type: animal |
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Odor Strength: | very high , recommend smelling in a 0.10 % solution or less |
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Substantivity: | 400 hour(s) at 1.00 % in dipropylene glycol |
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| animal fecal naphthyl civet |
Odor Description: at 0.10 % in dipropylene glycol. | very strong animal fecal indole civet Luebke, William tgsc, (1983) |
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Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
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Pell Wall Perfumes |
Skatole 1% |
Odor Description: | Animalic, warm, sweet, over-ripe fruit Arctander describes some of the uses of this material: “Skatole is used in perfume compositions and in artificial Civet bases. Minute traces of this material may introduce just that natural note of ‘overmature flower’ or ‘forest-floor’ or other natural decomposition matter, which can be not only tolerable to a fragrance, but sometimes make it much more attractive.”
He goes on to say that, at the time of his writing in the late 1960s, “Many perfumers have never used Skatole, and others have had poor results with it. It takes considerable patience to study the full and final effect of a certain amount of Skatole in a fragrance. The material seems to ‘grow’ after some time of ageing, and it produces more obnoxious odors with certain materials than with others. Skatole gives interesting effects with Sandalwood materials.” |
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Prodasynth |
SKATOLE (> 99%) |
Odor Description: | CIVET, POTENT, ANIMALIC, TENACIOUS |
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Cosmetic Information:
Suppliers:
Augustus Oils |
Skatole
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Services |
Berjé |
Skatole
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Media |
BOC Sciences |
For experimental / research use only. |
Skatole 95%
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BST Tianjin Co. |
3-Methylindole
|
Ernesto Ventós |
SKATOLE
Odor: CIVET, POTENT, ANIMALIC, TENACIOUS |
ExtraSynthese |
For experimental / research use only. |
Skatole
|
Fleurchem |
skatole
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Indukern F&F |
SCATOL
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Lluch Essence |
SKATOLE
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M&U International |
SKATOLE
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Pell Wall Perfumes |
Skatole 1%
Odor: Animalic, warm, sweet, over-ripe fruit Use: Arctander describes some of the uses of this material: “Skatole is used in perfume compositions and in artificial Civet bases. Minute traces of this material may introduce just that natural note of ‘overmature flower’ or ‘forest-floor’ or other natural decomposition matter, which can be not only tolerable to a fragrance, but sometimes make it much more attractive.”
He goes on to say that, at the time of his writing in the late 1960s, “Many perfumers have never used Skatole, and others have had poor results with it. It takes considerable patience to study the full and final effect of a certain amount of Skatole in a fragrance. The material seems to ‘grow’ after some time of ageing, and it produces more obnoxious odors with certain materials than with others. Skatole gives interesting effects with Sandalwood materials.” |
Penta International |
SKATOLE
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PerfumersWorld |
Skatole 1% in DPG
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Perfumery Laboratory |
SKATOL 1% in the DPG (Skatole 1%)
Odor: A realistic, very strong indole aroma with a floral note of jasmine and a shade of civetin |
Prodasynth |
SKATOLE
(> 99%) Odor: CIVET, POTENT, ANIMALIC, TENACIOUS |
R C Treatt & Co Ltd |
Skatole
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Sigma-Aldrich |
Skatole, ≥98%
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Certified Food Grade Products |
Synerzine |
Skatole
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TCI AMERICA |
For experimental / research use only. |
3-Methylindole >98.0%(GC)
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Tianjin Danjun International |
3-Methylindole
|
Zanos |
Skatole
Odor: Powerful civet |
Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View |
European information : |
Most important hazard(s): | Xi - Irritant |
R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children. S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke. S 22 - Do not breath dust. S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes. S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
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Hazards identification |
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Classification of the substance or mixture |
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
None found. |
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements |
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Pictogram | |
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Hazard statement(s) |
None found. |
Precautionary statement(s) |
None found. |
Human Experience: |
1 % solution: no irritation or sensitization. |
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
oral-rat LD50 3450 mg/kg (McGee Laboratories Inc., 1974)
intraperitoneal-mouse LD50 175 mg/kg KIDNEY, URETER, AND BLADDER: OTHER CHANGES
LIVER: OTHER CHANGES
BLOOD: OTHER CHANGES Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 863, 1976.
intravenous-cattle LDLo 60 mg/kg LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: EMPHYSEMA
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CHRONIC PULMONARY EDEMA Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 863, 1976.
oral-cattle LDLo 200 mg/kg LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: CHRONIC PULMONARY EDEMA
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: EMPHYSEMA Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 863, 1976.
parenteral-frog LDLo 435 mg/kg BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)
LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 19, Pg. 307, 1922.
oral-mouse LDLo 470 mg/kg Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 111, 1985.
oral-rat LD50 3450 mg/kg Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 14, Pg. 863, 1976.
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Dermal Toxicity: |
subcutaneous-frog LDLo 1000 mg/kg "Merck Index; an Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals", 11th ed., Rahway, NJ 07065, Merck & Co., Inc. 1989Vol. 11, Pg. 1354, 1989.
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Inhalation Toxicity: |
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: | flavor and fragrance agents |
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search |
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice |
Recommendation for skatole usage levels up to: | | 0.1000 % in the fragrance concentrate.
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Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): | 2.40 (μg/capita/day) |
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): | 0.07 (μg/capita/day) |
Structure Class: | I |
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS). |
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library |
publication number: 3 |
Click here to view publication 3 |
| average usual ppm | average maximum ppm |
baked goods: | - | 0.80000 |
beverages(nonalcoholic): | - | 0.75000 |
beverages(alcoholic): | - | - |
breakfast cereal: | - | - |
cheese: | - | - |
chewing gum: | - | 0.10000 |
condiments / relishes: | - | - |
confectionery froastings: | - | - |
egg products: | - | - |
fats / oils: | - | - |
fish products: | - | - |
frozen dairy: | - | 1.00000 |
fruit ices: | - | 1.00000 |
gelatins / puddings: | - | 0.01000 |
granulated sugar: | - | - |
gravies: | - | - |
hard candy: | - | 0.78000 |
imitation dairy: | - | - |
instant coffee / tea: | - | - |
jams / jellies: | - | - |
meat products: | - | - |
milk products: | - | - |
nut products: | - | - |
other grains: | - | - |
poultry: | - | - |
processed fruits: | - | - |
processed vegetables: | - | - |
reconstituted vegetables: | - | - |
seasonings / flavors: | - | - |
snack foods: | - | - |
soft candy: | - | - |
soups: | - | - |
sugar substitutes: | - | - |
sweet sauces: | - | - |
Safety References:
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA): | Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... |
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s): |
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 24 (FGE.24): Pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives from chemical group 28 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) View page or View pdf |
Pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives from chemical group 28 Flavouring Group Evaluation 24, Revision 1 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC) View page or View pdf |
Flavouring Group Evaluation 77 (FGE77) [1] - Consideration of Pyridine, Pyrrole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to Pyridine, Pyrrole, Indole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev1 (2008) View page or View pdf |
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 77, Revision 2 (FGE.77Rev2): Consideration of Pyridine, Pyrrole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to Pyridine, Pyrrole, Indole and Quinoline Derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev2 (2013) View page or View pdf |
Safety and efficacy of pyridine and pyrrole derivatives belonging to chemical group 28 when used as flavourings for all animal species View page or View pdf |
Scientific opinion on flavouring group evaluation 77, revision 3 (FGE.77Rev3): consideration of pyridine, pyrrole and quinoline derivatives evaluated by JECFA (63rd meeting) structurally related to pyridine, pyrrole, indole and quinoline derivatives evaluated by EFSA in FGE.24Rev2 View page or View pdf |
EPI System: | View |
Daily Med: | search |
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System: | Search |
AIDS Citations: | Search |
Cancer Citations: | Search |
Toxicology Citations: | Search |
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): | 83-34-1 |
EPA ACToR: | Toxicology Data |
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): | Registry |
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : | 6736 |
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: | Data |
WISER: | UN 3335 |
WGK Germany: | 2 |
| 3-methyl-1H-indole |
Chemidplus: | 0000083341 |
RTECS: | NM0350000 for cas# 83-34-1 |
References:
Other Information:
Potential Blenders and core components note
Potential Uses:
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
Synonyms:
3- | methyl indole | beta- | methyl indole | 3- | methyl-1H-indole | 3- | methyl-4,5-benzopyrrole | 3- | methylindole | beta- | methylindole | | scatol (Indukern) | | skatole 1% in ETOH |
Articles:
Info: | Skatole |
PubMed: | Fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue from entire male pigs with extremely divergent levels of boar taint compounds - An exploratory study. |
PubMed: | Effects of nuclear receptor transactivation on boar taint metabolism and gene expression in porcine hepatocytes. |
PubMed: | In vitro assessment of the effectiveness of non-nutritive sorbent materials as binding agents for boar taint compounds. |
PubMed: | Large scale genome-wide association and LDLA mapping study identifies QTLs for boar taint and related sex steroids. |
PubMed: | Boar taint detection using parasitoid biosensors. |
PubMed: | Identification of odorous compounds in reclaimed water using FPA combined with sensory GC-MS. |
PubMed: | Examination of testicular gene expression patterns in Yorkshire pigs with high and low levels of boar taint. |
PubMed: | Characterization and quantification of odor-active compounds in unsaturated fatty acid/conjugated linoleic acid (UFA/CLA)-enriched butter and in conventional butter during storage and induced oxidation. |
PubMed: | [Identification of volatile organic compounds in the manures of cow, hog and chicken by solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry]. |
PubMed: | Flavor improvement in pork from barrows and gilts via inhibition of intestinal skatole formation with resistant potato starch. |
PubMed: | Characterization of odorants causing an atypical aroma in white pepper powder (Piper nigrum L.) based on quantitative measurements and orthonasal breakthrough thresholds. |
PubMed: | The effect of age on distribution of skatole and indole levels in entire male pigs in four breeds: Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc. |
PubMed: | "Untypical aging off-flavor" in wine: synthesis of potential degradation compounds of indole-3-acetic acid and kynurenine and their evaluation as precursors of 2-aminoacetophenone. |
PubMed: | Sensory characteristics and carcass traits of boars, barrows, and gilts fed high- or adequate-protein diets and slaughtered at 100 or 110 kilograms. |
PubMed: | Palatability of prerigor cooked boar meat. |
PubMed: | Measurement of boar taint in porcine fat using a high-throughput gas chromatography-mass spectrometry protocol. |
PubMed: | Fast and solvent-free quantitation of boar taint odorants in pig fat by stable isotope dilution analysis-dynamic headspace-thermal desorption-gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Skatole metabolism in the pigs with reduced testicular oestrogen synthesis. |
PubMed: | Inhibitory effect of skatole (3-methylindole) on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894 biofilm formation mediated by elevated endogenous oxidative stress. |
PubMed: | Regulation of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and sulphotransferase 2A1 gene expression in primary porcine hepatocytes by selected sex-steroids and plant secondary metabolites from chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and wormwood (Artemisia sp.). |
PubMed: | Consumer acceptance of fermented sausages made from boars is not distracted by respective information. |
PubMed: | Evaluation of different heating methods for the detection of boar taint by means of the human nose. |
PubMed: | Sensory evaluation of boar loins: trained assessors' olfactory acuity affects the perception of boar taint compounds. |
PubMed: | Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a tool to predict pork quality. |
PubMed: | Quantitative determination of the boar taint compounds androstenone, skatole, indole, 3α-androstenol and 3β-androstenol in wild boars (Sus scrofa) reveals extremely low levels of the tryptophan-related degradation products. |
PubMed: | Threshold detection of boar taint chemicals using parasitic wasps. |
PubMed: | A single nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP2E1 gene promoter affects skatole content in backfat of boars of two commercial Duroc-sired crossbred populations. |
PubMed: | Consumer studies on sensory acceptability of boar taint: a review. |
PubMed: | Effects of corn processing method and dietary inclusion of corn wet distillers grains with solubles on odor and gas production in cattle manure. |
PubMed: | Predicting the likelihood of developing boar taint: early physical indicators in entire male pigs. |
PubMed: | Effects of statins on the recovery of olfactory function in a 3-methylindole-induced anosmia mouse model. |
PubMed: | The effect of cereal type and enzyme supplementation on carcass characteristics, volatile fatty acids and intestinal microflora and boar taint in entire male pigs. |
PubMed: | Determination of the boar taint compound skatole in meat juice by means of stable isotope dilution analysis-direct immersion-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Feeding dried chicory root to pigs decrease androstenone accumulation in fat by increasing hepatic 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression. |
PubMed: | [Contemporary views on etiology and pathogenesis of halitosis]. |
PubMed: | Early immunocastration of male pigs with Improvac(®) - effect on boar taint, hormones and reproductive organs. |
PubMed: | Acceptability of entire male pork with various levels of androstenone and skatole by consumers according to their sensitivity to androstenone. |
PubMed: | Review of analytical methods to measure boar taint compounds in porcine adipose tissue: the need for harmonised methods. |
PubMed: | Development of a candidate reference method for the simultaneous quantitation of the boar taint compounds androstenone, 3α-androstenol, 3β-androstenol, skatole, and indole in pig fat by means of stable isotope dilution analysis-headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. |
PubMed: | Boar taint detection using parasitoid biosensors. |
PubMed: | Effect of a hay-based diet or different upland grazing systems on milk volatile compounds. |
PubMed: | The sensitivity of Flemish citizens to androstenone: influence of gender, age, location and smoking habits. |
PubMed: | Comparison of heating methods and the use of different tissues for sensory assessment of abnormal odours (boar taint) in pig meat. |
PubMed: | Prevalence and relationships of sensory taint, 5α-androstenone and skatole in fat and lean tissue from the loin (Longissimus dorsi) of barrows, gilts, sows, and boars from selected abattoirs in the United States. |
PubMed: | Relationship between olfactory function and olfactory neuronal population in C57BL6 mice injected intraperitoneally with 3-methylindole. |
PubMed: | Gender-related differences in cytochrome P450 in porcine liver--implication for activity, expression and inhibition by testicular steroids. |
PubMed: | Influence of soiling on boar taint in boars. |
PubMed: | In vivo effect of dried chicory root (Cichorium intybus L.) on xenobiotica metabolising cytochrome P450 enzymes in porcine liver. |
PubMed: | Characterization of porcine pregnane X receptor, farnesoid X receptor and their splice variants. |
PubMed: | In vitro cytochrome P450 2E1 and 2A activities in the presence of testicular steroids. |
PubMed: | Biochemical, nutritional and genetic effects on boar taint in entire male pigs. |
PubMed: | Characterization and quantification of odor-active compounds in unsaturated fatty acid/conjugated linoleic acid (UFA/CLA)-enriched butter and in conventional butter during storage and induced oxidation. |
PubMed: | Marinating as a technology to shift sensory thresholds in ready-to-eat entire male pork meat. |
PubMed: | Effect of feeding fermentable fibre-rich feedstuffs on meat quality with emphasis on chemical and sensory boar taint in entire male and female pigs. |
PubMed: | A sensory description of boar taint and the effects of crude and dried chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.) and inulin feeding in male and female pork. |
PubMed: | Effects of hCG stimulation on hepatic activities of cytochromes P4502E1 and P4502A in pubertal male pigs. |
PubMed: | Effect of polymorphism in the porcine cytochrome b5 ( CYB5A) gene on androstenone and skatole concentrations and sexual development in Swedish pig populations. |
PubMed: | Halitosis among racially diverse populations: an update. |
PubMed: | Effect of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine (Improvac) on steroid hormones, boar taint compounds and performance in entire male pigs. |
PubMed: | Regulation of CYP2A6 protein expression by skatole, indole, and testicular steroids in primary cultured pig hepatocytes. |
PubMed: | Long-term effect of vaccination against gonadotropin-releasing hormone, using Improvac, on hormonal profile and behaviour of male pigs. |
PubMed: | Effect of testicular steroids on catalytic activities of cytochrome P450 enzymes in porcine liver microsomes. |
PubMed: | Flavor improvement in pork from barrows and gilts via inhibition of intestinal skatole formation with resistant potato starch. |
PubMed: | Effect of dietary melengestrol acetate on the incidence of acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot heifers. |
PubMed: | Production of indolic compounds by rumen bacteria isolated from grazing ruminants. |
PubMed: | Effect of hCG administration on the relationship between testicular steroids and indolic compounds in fat and plasma in entire male pigs. |
PubMed: | Effects of sex, weight, diet and hCG administration on levels of skatole and indole in the liver and hepatic activities of cytochromes P4502E1 and P4502A6 in pigs. |
PubMed: | Boar taint is related to endocrine and anatomical changes at puberty but not to aggressive behaviour in entire male pigs. |
PubMed: | Influence of volatile compounds on the development of off-flavours in pig back fat samples classified with boar taint by a test panel. |
PubMed: | Characterization of odorants causing an atypical aroma in white pepper powder (Piper nigrum L.) based on quantitative measurements and orthonasal breakthrough thresholds. |
PubMed: | Free oestrone in adipose tissue and its relation to androstenone and skatole in entire male pigs. |
PubMed: | Effects of resistant potato starch on odor emission from feces in Swine production units. |
PubMed: | The effect of age on distribution of skatole and indole levels in entire male pigs in four breeds: Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc. |
PubMed: | The effects of castration on the eating quality of dry-cured ham. |
PubMed: | "Untypical aging off-flavor" in wine: synthesis of potential degradation compounds of indole-3-acetic acid and kynurenine and their evaluation as precursors of 2-aminoacetophenone. |
PubMed: | Factors affecting the level of boar taint in entire male pigs as assessed by consumer sensory panel. |
PubMed: | Reaction to boar odour by different South African consumer groups. |
PubMed: | Role of 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one in boar taint: identification of new compounds related to sensorial descriptors in pig fat. |
PubMed: | Temporal aspects related to the perception of skatole and androstenone, the major boar odour compounds. |
PubMed: | Characterization of acute interstitial pneumonia in cattle in southern Alberta feedyards. |
PubMed: | Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs. |
PubMed: | Boar taint in pigs selected for components of efficient lean growth rate. |
PubMed: | Relationship between metabolism of androstenone and skatole in intact male pigs. |
PubMed: | Effect of melengestrol acetate on development of 3-methylindole-induced pulmonary edema and emphysema in sheep. |
PubMed: | The measurement of the responses to different odour intensities of `boar taint' using a sensory panel and an electronic nose. |
PubMed: | Relationship between oxidation and conjugation metabolism of skatole in pig liver and concentrations of skatole in fat. |
PubMed: | Sensory characteristics and carcass traits of boars, barrows, and gilts fed high- or adequate-protein diets and slaughtered at 100 or 110 kilograms. |
PubMed: | The problem of taint in pork-III. Odour profile of pork fat and the interrelationships between androstenone, skatole and indole concentrations. |
PubMed: | The problem of taint in pork-II. The influence of skatole, androstenone and indole, Presented individually and in combination in a model lipid base, on odour perception. |
PubMed: | The problem of taint in pork: 1. Detection thresholds and odour profiles of androstenone and skatole in a model system. |
PubMed: | Breed differences in boar taint: relationship between tissue levels boar taint compounds and sensory analysis of taint. |
PubMed: | Palatability of prerigor cooked boar meat. |
PubMed: | Zinc suppression of free radicals induced in cultures of rat hepatocytes by iron, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and 3-methylindole. |
PubMed: | Reduction of 3-methylindole production and prevention of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema with lasalocid. |
PubMed: | Duration of inhibition of 3-methylindole production by monensin. |
PubMed: | Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis. |
PubMed: | Attractants for synanthropic flies. Identification of attractants and coattractants for Hippelates eye gnats (Diptera: Chloropidae). |
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