cuminaldehyde
4-isopropylbenzaldehyde
 
Notes:
Cedarwood or bois de rose mix for good results. Found in many essential oils, including eucalyptus, cumin and cassia. Also present in grilled or roast beef and cognac. Flavouring agent Cuminaldehyde is a constituent of the essential oils of eucalyptus, myrrh, cassia, cumin and others. It has a pleasant smell and contributes to the aroma of these oils. It is used commercially in perfumes and other cosmetics.; Cuminaldehyde is the biologically active constituent of Cuminum cyminum seed oil. C. cyminum seed-derived materials have an inhibitory effect in vitro against rat lens aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase. This inhibitory action cuminaldehyde suggest a potential utility as an antidiabetic therapeutic. (PMID: 15796577) ; Cuminaldehyde is a volatile compound representative of cumin aroma present in trace amounts in the blood and milk of ewes fed with cumin seed. (PMID: 8738023); The terpenoid cuminaldehyde, undergoes reduction biotransformation in mammals, but not oxidation. (PMID: 2815827); Cuminaldehyde, or 4-isopropylbenzaldehyde, is a natural organic compound with the molecular formula C10 H12O. It is a benzaldehyde with an isopropyl group substituted in the 4-position.
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      Berjé is a family-owned business that has been in operation for six decades. The company's origins and strength lie in a profound understanding of the supply and the quality of the diverse raw materials consumed by the flavor and fragrance industries. This base was expanded upon more than two decades ago to include fragrance production. The company's unparalleled raw material expertise is focused on the supply of essential oils and aromatic chemicals. This is supported by our long-standing relationships with a worldwide fabric of producers ensuring the greatest prospects for uninterrupted supply in markets that are often volatile and unpredictable.
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      SDS
       
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      500946 Cuminic Aldehyde (Para Isopropyl Benzaldehyde)
       
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search
Fragrance Demo Formulas    Flavor Demo Formulas
CAS Number: 122-03-2Picture of molecule3D/inchi
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 204-516-9
FDA UNII: O0893NC35F
Nikkaji Web: J5.347C
Beilstein Number: 0636547
MDL: MFCD00006953
CoE Number: 111
XlogP3: 2.70 (est)
Molecular Weight: 148.20484000
Formula: C10 H12 O
BioActivity Summary: listing
NMR Predictor: Predict (works with chrome, Edge or firefox)
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
 
US / EU / FDA / JECFA / FEMA / FLAVIS / Scholar / Patent Information:
Google Scholar: Search
Google Books: Search
Google Scholar: with word "volatile"Search
Google Scholar: with word "flavor"Search
Google Scholar: with word "odor"Search
Perfumer and Flavorist: Search
Google Patents: Search
US Patents: Search
EU Patents: Search
Pubchem Patents: Search
PubMed: Search
NCBI: Search
JECFA Food Flavoring: 868  cuminaldehyde
DG SANTE Food Flavourings: 05.022  4-isopropylbenzaldehyde
FEMA Number: 2341 cumaldehyde
FDA:No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm (SATF):122-03-2 ; CUMINALDEHYDE
FDA Regulation:
FDA PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart F--Flavoring Agents and Related Substances
Sec. 172.515 Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants.
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Physical Properties:
Appearance: colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00 % sum of isomers
Equivalence Factor for Assay: 74.04
Halogens: Chlorine free
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: Yes
Specific Gravity: 0.97600 to 0.98000 @  25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est).: 8.121 to  8.155
Refractive Index: 1.52900 to 1.53400 @  20.00 °C.
Boiling Point: 235.00 to  236.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 128.00 to  129.00 °C. @ 30.00 mm Hg
Acid Value: 5.00 max. KOH/g
Vapor Pressure: 0.065000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C.
Flash Point: 200.00 °F. TCC ( 93.33 °C. )
logP (o/w): 3.170
Shelf Life: 12.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage: store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Soluble in:
 alcohol
 water, 282 mg/L @ 20 °C (exp)
Insoluble in:
 water
Stability:
 bath foam
 hair spray
 lipstick
 non-discoloring
 powder
 soap
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Organoleptic Properties:
 
Odor Type: spicy
 
Odor Strength: high ,
recommend smelling in a 10.00 % solution or less
 
Substantivity: 32 hour(s) at 100.00 %
 
 spicy  cumin  green  herbal  
Odor Description:
at 10.00 % in dipropylene glycol. 
spicy cumin green herbal
Luebke, William tgsc, (1985)
 
 spicy  green  cumin  green  herbal  spicy  
Odor Description:
Spicy, green, cumin-like with green herbal spice nuances
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 15, No. 2, 69, (1990)
 
 
Flavor Type: spicy
 
 spicy  cumin  green  herbal  vegetable  
Taste Description:
at 10.00 ppm.  
Spicy, cumin, green, herbal and vegetable-like
Mosciano, Gerard P&F 15, No. 2, 69, (1990)
 
Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
 
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Cosmetic Information:
CosIng: cosmetic data
Cosmetic Uses: perfuming agents
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Suppliers:
Anhui Haibei
Cuminic aldehyde
Odor: Characteristic cumin
Augustus Oils
Cuminic Aldehyde
Services
Berjé
Cuminic Aldehyde
Media
BOC Sciences
For experimental / research use only.
Cuminaldehyde
Diffusions Aromatiques
ALDEHYDE CUMINIQUE
Ernesto Ventós
CUMINALDEHYDE
Odor: STRONG, PUNGENT, CUMIN
ExtraSynthese
For experimental / research use only.
Cuminaldehyde (GC) ≥90%
Fleurchem
cuminic aldehyde
Indenta Group
Cuminic Aldehyde
Indukern F&F
CUMINIC ALDEHYDE
Odor: POWERFUL, SHARP, CUMIN
Inoue Perfumery
CUMINALDEHYDE
Jinan Enlighten Chemical Technology(Wutong Aroma )
p-isoPropylbenzaldehyde, Kosherk
Lluch Essence
CUMINIC ALDEHYDE
M&U International
CUMINIC ALDEHYDE, Kosher
Moellhausen
CUMINALDEHYDE
Odor: green, herbal, spicy, characteristic cumin
Pearlchem Corporation
Cuminic Aldehyde
Penta International
CUMINIC ALDEHYDE
Perfumer Supply House
Cuminaldehyde- 4ml (1 dram)
Odor: Intense, spicy, cumin, green, herbal
R C Treatt & Co Ltd
Cuminic Aldehyde
Reincke & Fichtner
Cuminaldehyde
Santa Cruz Biotechnology
For experimental / research use only.
Cuminaldehyde
Sigma-Aldrich
Cuminaldehyde, ≥98%, FCC, FG
Certified Food Grade Products
Som Extracts
CUMINIC ALDEHYDE
SRS Aromatics
CUMINIC ALDEHYDE
Synerzine
Cuminaldehyde
TCI AMERICA
For experimental / research use only.
Cuminaldehyde >97.0%(GC)
Vigon International
Cuminic Aldehyde (Para Isopropyl Benzaldehyde)
Odor: PUNGENT, GREEN, HERBACEOUS
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Safety Information:
Preferred SDS: View
European information :
Most important hazard(s):
Xn - Harmful.
R 20/21/22 - Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
R 36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin.
S 02 - Keep out of the reach of children.
S 20/21 - When using do not eat, drink or smoke.
S 24/25 - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
S 26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S 36/37/39 - Wear suitable clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
 
Hazards identification
 
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
None found.
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
 
Pictogram
 
Hazard statement(s)
None found.
Precautionary statement(s)
None found.
Human Experience:
4 % solution: no irritation or sensitization.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
gavage-rat LD50  [sex: M,F] 1390 mg/kg
(Jenner et al., 1964)

oral-mouse LD50  2400 mg/kg
Biochemical Journal. Vol. 34, Pg. 1196, 1940.

oral-rat LD50  1390 mg/kg
GASTROINTESTINAL: ULCERATION OR BLEEDING FROM STOMACH BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY) LIVER: OTHER CHANGES
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 2, Pg. 327, 1964.

Dermal Toxicity:
skin-rabbit LD50 2800 mg/kg
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. Vol. 12, Pg. 395, 1974.

Inhalation Toxicity:
Not determined
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Safety in Use Information:
Category: flavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment: Search
IFRA Code of Practice Notification of the 49th Amendment to the IFRA Code of Practice
IFRA Critical Effect: Dermal sensitization
IFRA: View Standard
View IFRA Standards Library for complete information.
Please review Amendment 49 IFRA documentation for complete information.
IFRA RESTRICTION LIMITS IN THE FINISHED PRODUCT (%):
Category 1: Products applied to the lips
0.085 %
Category 2: Products applied to the axillae
0.025 %
Category 3: Products applied to the face/body using fingertips
0.51 %
Category 4: Products related to fine fragrance
0.47 %
 Category 5: Products applied to the face and body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
Category 5A: Body lotion products applied to the body using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.12 %
Category 5B: Face moisturizer products applied to the face using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.12 %
Category 5C: Hand cream products applied to the hands using the hands (palms), primarily leave-on
0.12 %
Category 5D: Baby Creams, baby Oils and baby talc
0.12 %
Category 6: Products with oral and lip exposure
0.28 %
 Category 7: Products applied to the hair with some hand contact
Category 7A: Rinse-off products applied to the hair with some hand contact
0.96 %
Category 7B: Leave-on products applied to the hair with some hand contact
0.96 %
Category 8: Products with significant anogenital exposure
0.05 %
Category 9: Products with body and hand exposure, primarily rinse off
0.92 %
 Category 10: Household care products with mostly hand contact
Category 10A: Household care excluding aerosol products (excluding aerosol/spray products)
3.30 %
Category 10B: Household aerosol/spray products
3.30 %
 Category 11: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate
Category 11A: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate without UV exposure
1.80 %
Category 11B: Products with intended skin contact but minimal transfer of fragrance to skin from inert substrate with potential UV exposure
1.80 %
Category 12: Products not intended for direct skin contact, minimal or insignificant transfer to skin
No Restriction
 Notes:
IFRA FLAVOR REQUIREMENTS:

Due to the possible ingestion of small amounts of fragrance ingredients from their use in products in Categories 1 and 6, materials must not only comply with IFRA Standards but must also be recognized as safe as a flavoring ingredient as defined by the IOFI Code of Practice (www.iofi.org). For more details see chapter 1 of the Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards.

 
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): 110.00 (μg/capita/day)
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): 1.00 (μg/capita/day)
Structure Class: I
Use levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring substances on which the FEMA Expert Panel based its judgments that the substances are generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
The Expert Panel also publishes separate extensive reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring substances and can be found at FEMA Flavor Ingredient Library
publication number: 3
Click here to view publication 3
 average usual ppmaverage maximum ppm
baked goods: -4.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic): -3.10000
beverages(alcoholic): --
breakfast cereal: --
cheese: --
chewing gum: 0.400000.50000
condiments / relishes: -3.00000
confectionery froastings: --
egg products: --
fats / oils: --
fish products: --
frozen dairy: -3.20000
fruit ices: -3.20000
gelatins / puddings: --
granulated sugar: --
gravies: --
hard candy: -4.00000
imitation dairy: --
instant coffee / tea: --
jams / jellies: --
meat products: --
milk products: --
nut products: --
other grains: --
poultry: --
processed fruits: --
processed vegetables: --
reconstituted vegetables: --
seasonings / flavors: --
snack foods: --
soft candy: --
soups: --
sugar substitutes: --
sweet sauces: --
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Safety References:
Flavor & Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) reference(s):
The FEMA GRAS assessment of benzyl derivatives used as flavor ingredients. View pdf
European Food Safety Athority(EFSA): Flavor usage levels; Subacute, Subchronic, Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference(s):
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the Commission related to Flavouring Group Evaluation 20 (FGE.20): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical group 23
View page or View pdf
Flavouring Group Evaluation 52 (FGE.52): Consideration of hydroxy- and alkoxy-substituted benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.20 (2005) (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC)
View page or View pdf
Flavouring Group Evaluation 54 (FGE.54)[1] - Consideration of benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.20 (2005) - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food
View page or View pdf
Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 1 (FGE.20Rev1): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters from chemical group 23
View page or View pdf
Flavouring Group Evaluation 54, Revision 1 (FGE.54Rev1): Consideration of benzyl derivatives evaluated by JECFA (57th meeting) structurally related to benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters evaluated by EFSA in FGE.20Rev1 (2009)
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 2 (FGE.20Rev2): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30
View page or View pdf
Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 3(FGE.20Rev3): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30
View page or View pdf
EPI System: View
AIDS Citations: Search
Cancer Citations: Search
Toxicology Citations: Search
EPA Substance Registry Services (TSCA): 122-03-2
EPA ACToR: Toxicology Data
EPA Substance Registry Services (SRS): Registry
Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary : 326
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Data
WGK Germany: 2
 4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde
Chemidplus: 0000122032
RTECS: CU7000000 for cas# 122-03-2
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References:
 4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde
NIST Chemistry WebBook: Search Inchi
Canada Domestic Sub. List: 122-03-2
Pubchem (cid): 326
Pubchem (sid): 134973540
Flavornet: 122-03-2
Pherobase: View
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Other Information:
(IUPAC): Atomic Weights of the Elements 2011 (pdf)
Videos: The Periodic Table of Videos
tgsc: Atomic Weights use for this web site
(IUPAC): Periodic Table of the Elements
FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): View
CHEBI: View
CHEMBL: View
Metabolomics Database: Search
UM BBD: Search
KEGG (GenomeNet): C06577
HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB02214
FooDB: FDB008724
Export Tariff Code: 2912.29.6000
Typical G.C.
VCF-Online: VCF Volatile Compounds in Food
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Potential Blenders and core components note
 
For Odor
No odor group found for these
 tagete oil rwanda 
 wasabi root 
aldehydic
 agrumen nitrileFR
9-decenalFL/FR
 dodecanal (aldehyde C-12 lauric)FL/FR
 nonanal (aldehyde C-9)FL/FR
10-undecenal (aldehyde C-11 undecylenic)FL/FR
amber
 ambroxanFL/FR
 angelica root oilFL/FR
 cistus ladaniferus resinoidFL/FR
animal
isobutyl quinolineFR
isobutyl quinolineFR
 costus valerolactoneFR
para-cresyl caprylateFL/FR
anise
sweet fennel seed oilFL/FR
anisic
 estragoleFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum herb oilFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum herb oil egyptFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum leaf oil americaFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum leaf oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum leaf oil indiaFL/FR
balsamic
 amyris wood oilFL/FR
siam benzoin resinoidFL/FR
 benzophenoneFR
 benzyl benzoateFL/FR
 benzyl salicylateFL/FR
isobornyl acetateFL/FR
laevo-bornyl acetateFL/FR
isobutyl cinnamateFL/FR
 cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
(E)-cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
 cinnamyl formateFL/FR
 clover nitrileFR
 ethyl cinnamateFL/FR
 fir balsam absoluteFR
 guaiyl acetateFL/FR
 hexyl cinnamateFR
 methyl cinnamateFL/FR
2-phenyl propyl alcoholFL/FR
3-phenyl propyl alcoholFL/FR
christmas pine fragranceFR
berry
 raspberry ketoneFL/FR
bitter
 gentian absoluteFL/FR
caramellic
2-isobutyl-3-methyl pyrazineFL/FR
citrus
 bergamot oilFL/FR
 bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italyFL/FR
 bergamot oil turkeyFL/FR
isodecyl acetateFR
 ocimene quintoxideFL/FR
coconut
gamma-heptalactoneFL/FR
gamma-nonalactone (aldehyde C-18 (so-called))FL/FR
gamma-octalactoneFL/FR
earthy
 geosminFL/FR
(S)-1-octen-3-olFL/FR
 octyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
ethereal
 ethyl 4-pentenoateFL/FR
fatty
 coconut absoluteFL/FR
 decanolFL/FR
(E,Z)-2,6-dodecadienalFL/FR
(R)-gamma-octalactoneFL/FR
(E)-2-octenalFL/FR
2-octenalFL/FR
floral
alpha-amyl cinnamaldehydeFL/FR
isoamyl salicylateFL/FR
 bois de rose oil brazilFL/FR
 cassis oxime 10%FR
 cassis specialtyFR
 cilantro herb oil egyptFL/FR
 citronellolFL/FR
 coranol (Firmenich)FR
 coriander seed oilFL/FR
 cumin carbinolFR
 cyclamen aldehydeFL/FR
 cyclohexyl ethyl alcoholFL/FR
 cymbopogon validus leaf oilFR
beta-damascenoneFL/FR
 dictamnus hispanicus oilFR
 dihydrocarvyl acetateFL/FR
 dihydrocitronellyl ethyl etherFR
 dihydrojasmoneFL/FR
 dihydrolinaloolFL/FR
 dihydrorose oxideFR
 dimethyl anthranilateFL/FR
 dimethyl benzyl carbinolFL/FR
 dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetateFL/FR
 dimethyl benzyl carbinyl butyrateFL/FR
2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanolFR
3,6-dimethyl-3-octanolFL/FR
2,4-dimethyl-alpha-allyl-3-cyclohexene methanol 
4,6-dimethyl-alpha-allyl-3-cyclohexene methanol 
 ethyl linaloolFR
 ethyl linalyl acetalFR
 ethyl linalyl acetateFR
 ethyl linalyl etherFL/FR
 ethyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
 floral pyranolFR
 geraniolFL/FR
 geranium oilFL/FR
 geranium oil africaFL/FR
 geranium oil bourbonFL/FR
 geranium oil egyptFL/FR
 heliotropinFL/FR
 heliotropyl diethyl acetalFR
(Z)-3-hexen-1-yl salicylateFL/FR
alpha-hexyl cinnamaldehydeFL/FR
 ho leaf oilFR
 ho wood oilFR
 hyacinth etherFR
 hydroxycitronellalFL/FR
 jonquil absoluteFR
 jonquil absolute replacerFR
 leerallFR
 lilyallFR
laevo-linaloolFL/FR
 linaloolFL/FR
dextro-linaloolFL/FR
 linalool oxideFL/FR
 linalyl anthranilateFL/FR
 linden flower absoluteFR
 melaleuca ericifolia leaf oilFR
ortho-methoxybenzyl ethyl etherFR
para-methyl acetophenoneFL/FR
1-(2-methyl allyl oxy)-2-methyl butaneFR
para-methyl benzyl acetateFL/FR
 methyl dihydrojasmonateFL/FR
 mimosa absolute franceFL/FR
 muguet carboxaldehydeFR
cis-muguet shiseolFL/FR
 muguet shiseolFL/FR
 nerolFL/FR
 nerolidolFL/FR
 neryl formateFL/FR
 nonanolFL/FR
3-nonanoneFL/FR
(S)-ocean propanal 
 ocean propanalFL/FR
 orris pyridine 25% IPMFR
 orris rhizome absolute replacerFR
2-pentyl cyclopentanoneFR
 phenethyl alcoholFL/FR
 phenethyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
 phenethyl salicylateFL/FR
 phenyl propyl phenyl acetateFR
isophytolFL/FR
 prenyl salicylateFL/FR
 reseda absoluteFR
 rhodinolFL/FR
 rose absolute (rosa damascena) bulgariaFL/FR
 rose butanoateFL/FR
(Z)-rose oxideFL/FR
 rose pyranFR
 tetrahydrolinaloolFL/FR
5-tricyclodecenyl acetateFR
 violet methyl carbonateFR
fruity
para-anisyl methyl ketoneFL/FR
3-butyl bicyclo[3.2.1]-6-octen-2-oneFR
 cinnamyl hexanoateFL/FR
beta-damasconeFL/FR
gamma-decalactoneFL/FR
1,2-dimethyl butyl 2-butenoateFR
 ethyl 2-ethyl acetoacetateFL/FR
1-ethyl-2-methyl propyl chrysanthemumate 
 green acetateFR
 methyl anthranilateFL/FR
 tropical indeneFR
gamma-undecalactone (aldehyde C-14 (so-called))FL/FR
fungal
 jasmin nonaneFR
garlic
4-methyl-2-[2-(methyl thio)ethyl]-1,3-oxathiane 
green
 agrumen aldehydeFR
alpha-allyl-4,6-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanyl acetate 
 birch leaf specialtyFR
isobutyl heptanoateFL/FR
isobutyl methyl ketoneFL/FR
2-sec-butyl thiazoleFL/FR
S-sec-butyl thioisovalerateFL/FR
2-butyl-4-methyl-1,3-oxathiane 
 carrot leaf oil (daucus carota ssp.maximus)FR
 chrysanthemum carbaldehydeFR
 cumin acetaldehydeFL/FR
 galbanum oilFL/FR
 green carboxylateFR
 heptanal (aldehyde C-7)FL/FR
1-heptanolFL/FR
 heptyl benzoateFL/FR
(E)-4-hexen-1-ol 
(Z)-3-hexen-1-olFL/FR
(Z)-4-hexen-1-olFL/FR
(Z)-2-hexen-1-olFL/FR
3-hexenyl 2-methyl butyrateFL/FR
 hexyl 2-methyl butyrateFL/FR
 hexyl hexanoateFL/FR
 hop oil CO2 extractFL/FR
2,4-ivy carbaldehydeFL/FR
english ivy leaf absoluteFR
 marigold pot absoluteFL/FR
6-methyl-3-hepten-2-oneFL/FR
3-methylthio-4-heptanone 
 murraya koenigii leaf oil indiaFL/FR
 perilla alcoholFL/FR
 phenyl acetaldehydeFL/FR
 phenyl acetaldehyde dimethyl acetalFL/FR
3-phenyl propionaldehydeFL/FR
3-propyl bicyclo(3.2.1)-6-octen-2-oneFR
 seaweed absolute (fucus vesiculosus et serratus)FL/FR
(E,E)-sorbyl acetate 
 terpinyl propionateFL/FR
 triplal / ethyl anthranilate schiff's baseFR
hay
 hay absoluteFR
herbal
6-acetoxydihydrotheaspiraneFL/FR
9-acetyl-5-methyl-tricyclo[6.2.1.0.sup.2,7 ]undec-4-ene 
alpha-amyl cinnamyl formateFL/FR
 anethum graveolens herb oilFL/FR
 anethum graveolens herb tinctureFL/FR
 anthemis nobilis flower extractFL/FR
 anthemis nobilis flower oil romanFL/FR
 apium graveolens seed oilFL/FR
 apium graveolens seed oil indiaFL/FR
 artemisia alba oilFR
sweet basil absoluteFL/FR
3-butylidene phthalideFL/FR
(+)-alpha-campholenic aldehydeFL/FR
 carrot seed oil (daucus carota ssp. gummifer hook. fil.) spainFR
 carrot seed oil (daucus carota ssp. maximus (desf.) ball)FR
wild carrot seed oil terpenelessFL/FR
 carum carvi fruit oilFL/FR
 celery ketoneFL/FR
 celery undeceneFR
 chrysanthemum ketoneFR
1,4-cineoleFL/FR
 clary sage absoluteFL/FR
 clary sage oil franceFL/FR
 coriander oleoresinFL/FR
2-cyclohexyl cyclohexanoneFR
 daucus carota fruit oilFL/FR
 dill weed oil cubaFL/FR
 dill weed oil reunionFL/FR
 dimethyl benzyl carbinyl formateFL/FR
2-(2,4-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-yl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxathianeFR
 geranium cyclohexaneFR
cis-herbal cyclohexaneFR
 herbal dioxaneFR
 herbal heptaneFR
 hop absoluteFL/FR
 hop oilFL/FR
 hyssop oilFL/FR
 ilex paraguariensis leaf solid extractFL/FR
 lantana camara flower oilFR
isolavandyl acetateFR
spike lavender oilFL/FR
 linalyl acetateFL/FR
 linalyl formateFL/FR
 linalyl octanoateFL/FR
 marigold oil mexicoFL/FR
 melaleuca leucadendron var. cajuputi leaf oilFL/FR
1-(2-methyl allyl oxy) heptaneFR
(E)-6-methyl-3-hepten-2-oneFL/FR
 mistletoe absolute 
 monarda fistulosa oilFR
 nonisyl acetateFR
 nonisyl formateFR
isononyl acetateFR
 nopyl acetateFR
(E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one 
1-octen-3-yl acetateFL/FR
 oregano specialtyFR
 origanum oilFL/FR
 origanum oil greeceFL/FR
curled parsley seed oilFL/FR
 perilla leaf oilFL/FR
 perillaldehydeFL/FR
 petroselinum crispum seed oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 phenyl acetaldehyde diisoamyl acetalFR
 prenyl senecioateFL/FR
3-propylidene phthalideFL/FR
 rosmarinus officinalis extractFL/FR
 rosmarinus officinalis tinctureFL/FR
 salvia sclarea oilFL/FR
 tagete oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 tagete oil south africaFL/FR
 theaspiraneFL/FR
 thyme absoluteFL/FR
 tricyclodecyl acetateFR
 viridiflorolFL/FR
 wormwood oil americaFL/FR
 wormwood oil italyFL/FR
 wormwood oil polandFL/FR
licorice
 ocimum basilicum herb oil vietnamFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum leaf oil terpenelessFL/FR
marine
 marine pyridineFR
medicinal
summer savory oilFL/FR
melon
 watermelon ketoneFR
minty
 betula lenta bark oil americaFL/FR
 carvyl acetateFL/FR
dextro-dihydrocarvoneFL/FR
(-)-menthoneFL/FR
(-)-isopulegolFL/FR
mossy
 oakmoss absoluteFL/FR
 treemoss absoluteFR
 veramoss (IFF)FR
naphthyl
beta-naphthyl ethyl etherFL/FR
orris
 orris capronateFL/FR
pine
 dipentene terpene hydrocarbon byproductsFR
powdery
para-anisyl alcoholFL/FR
soapy
 methyl anthranilate / hexyl cinnamaldehyde schiff's baseFR
spicy
 allspice oilFL/FR
alpha-amyl cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
 benzyl isoeugenolFL/FR
isobutyl angelateFL/FR
 carrot weed oilFL/FR
 cassia bark oil chinaFL/FR
 cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetalFL/FR
(E)-cinnamyl nitrileFR
 cubeb oilFL/FR
(-)-cubenolFL/FR
 cumin oil replacerFR
 cumin seed 
 cumin seed absoluteFL/FR
 cumin seed concreteFR
 cumin seed oilFL/FR
 cumin seed oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 cuminum cyminum fruit extractFL/FR
 cuminum cyminum fruit oil turkeyFL/FR
 cuminyl alcoholFL/FR
 cuminyl nitrileFR
black currant bud absoluteFL/FR
isocyclogeraniol (IFF)FR
 methyl isoeugenolFL/FR
 nutmeg oilFL/FR
2-octanolFL/FR
 origanum majorana oilFL/FR
 outdoors specialtyFR
black pepper oilFL/FR
4-isopropyl-2-cyclohexenoneFL/FR
 spicy carbonateFR
(±)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydrocuminic acidFL/FR
annus wormwood oil vietnamFL/FR
sulfurous
 lychee mercaptan acetateFL/FR
sweaty
4-methyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acidFR
para-cymeneFL/FR
 frankincense oilFL/FR
alpha-terpineolFL/FR
tonka
 coumarinFR
gamma-hexalactoneFL/FR
 tonka bean absoluteFR
vanilla
 ethyl vanillinFL/FR
 vanillyl acetateFL/FR
waxy
 decyl acetateFL/FR
1-dodecanolFL/FR
 ethyl laurateFL/FR
1-undecanolFL/FR
woody
 amber carbinolFR
 campheneFL/FR
 cedarwood oil western redFR
 cinnamyl tiglateFL/FR
 cistus twig/leaf oilFL/FR
 dalbergia sissoo leaf oilFR
alpha-farneseneFL/FR
alpha-farnesene isomerFL/FR
 guaiacwood oilFL/FR
 louro brasileiro wood oilFR
 methyl cedryl ketoneFL/FR
 patchouli ethanoneFR
 patchouli oilFL/FR
 santallFR
alpha-thujene 
 tobacarol (IFF)FR
 verdoxanFR
 vetiver oil haitiFL/FR
 woody acetateFR
(Z)-woody amyleneFR
 
For Flavor
 
No flavor group found for these
6-acetoxydihydrotheaspiraneFL/FR
4-acetyl-2-isopropenyl pyridineFL
9-acetyl-5-methyl-tricyclo[6.2.1.0.sup.2,7 ]undec-4-ene 
alpha-allyl-4,6-dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanyl acetate 
alpha-amyl cinnamyl formateFL/FR
isobutyl heptanoateFL/FR
4-butyl thiazoleFL
2-sec-butyl thiazoleFL/FR
S-sec-butyl thioisovalerateFL/FR
2-butyl-4-methyl-1,3-oxathiane 
(E)-cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
 cinnamyl hexanoateFL/FR
 cinnamyl tiglateFL/FR
 cistus ladaniferus resinoidFL/FR
9-decenalFL/FR
 dimethyl benzyl carbinyl formateFL/FR
 ethyl 4-pentenoateFL/FR
 ethyl linalyl etherFL/FR
1-ethyl-2-methyl propyl chrysanthemumate 
 fig leaf absoluteFL
 gentian absoluteFL/FR
 guaiyl acetateFL/FR
 heptyl benzoateFL/FR
(E,E)-2,4-hexadien-1-olFL
dextro-linaloolFL/FR
 melaleuca leucadendron var. cajuputi leaf oilFL/FR
4-methyl-2-[2-(methyl thio)ethyl]-1,3-oxathiane 
6-methyl-3-hepten-2-oneFL/FR
(E)-6-methyl-3-hepten-2-oneFL/FR
2-methyl-6-propoxypyrazineFL
3-methylthio-4-heptanone 
 mistletoe absolute 
(S)-ocean propanal 
(E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one 
(R)-gamma-octalactoneFL/FR
(S)-1-octen-3-olFL/FR
2-octenalFL/FR
3-octyl butyrateFL
 octyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
 perilla leaf oilFL/FR
 prenyl senecioateFL/FR
2-propyl thiazoleFL
4-isopropyl-2-cyclohexenoneFL/FR
 seaweed absolute (fucus vesiculosus et serratus)FL/FR
 tagete oil rwanda 
(±)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydrocuminic acidFL/FR
4,4'-thiobis-2-butanoneFL
alpha-thujene 
ortho-vinyl anisoleFL
 viridiflorolFL/FR
beta-damasconeFL/FR
absinthe
 absinthe flavorFL
aldehydic
 nonanal (aldehyde C-9)FL/FR
1-undecanolFL/FR
alliaceous
 truffle sulfideFL
animal
para-cresyl caprylateFL/FR
anise
sweet fennel seed oilFL/FR
anisic
 ocimum basilicum herb oil egyptFL/FR
balsamic
siam benzoin resinoidFL/FR
 benzyl benzoateFL/FR
 benzyl salicylateFL/FR
laevo-bornyl acetateFL/FR
isobutyl cinnamateFL/FR
 ethyl cinnamateFL/FR
berry
 raspberry ketoneFL/FR
camphoreous
 campheneFL/FR
celery
3-butylidene phthalideFL/FR
cherry
 heliotropinFL/FR
citrus
 bergamot oilFL/FR
 bergamot oil bergaptene reduced italyFL/FR
 bergamot oil turkeyFL/FR
 linaloolFL/FR
laevo-linaloolFL/FR
 nerolFL/FR
alpha-terpineolFL/FR
coconut
gamma-nonalactone (aldehyde C-18 (so-called))FL/FR
cooling
1,4-cineoleFL/FR
spike lavender oilFL/FR
 theaspiraneFL/FR
creamy
gamma-hexalactoneFL/FR
para-methyl acetophenoneFL/FR
gamma-undecalactone (aldehyde C-14 (so-called))FL/FR
earthy
 geosminFL/FR
ethereal
4-hexen-3-oneFL
fatty
 coconut absoluteFL/FR
(E)-2-octenalFL/FR
10-undecenal (aldehyde C-11 undecylenic)FL/FR
floral
 bois de rose oil brazilFL/FR
 citronellolFL/FR
 dihydrocarvyl acetateFL/FR
 dihydrojasmoneFL/FR
 dihydrolinaloolFL/FR
 dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetateFL/FR
 dimethyl benzyl carbinyl butyrateFL/FR
2,4-dimethyl-alpha-allyl-3-cyclohexene methanol 
4,6-dimethyl-alpha-allyl-3-cyclohexene methanol 
 geraniolFL/FR
 geranium oilFL/FR
 geranium oil africaFL/FR
 geranium oil bourbonFL/FR
 geranium oil egyptFL/FR
 linalyl acetateFL/FR
 linalyl anthranilateFL/FR
 methyl dihydrojasmonateFL/FR
 muguet shiseolFL/FR
cis-muguet shiseolFL/FR
 ocean propanalFL/FR
 phenethyl alcoholFL/FR
 rhodinolFL/FR
 rose absolute (rosa damascena) bulgariaFL/FR
 tetrahydrolinaloolFL/FR
fruity
para-anisyl alcoholFL/FR
gamma-decalactoneFL/FR
 dimethyl anthranilateFL/FR
 ethyl 2-ethyl acetoacetateFL/FR
 hexyl hexanoateFL/FR
 linalyl octanoateFL/FR
 methyl anthranilateFL/FR
para-methyl benzyl acetateFL/FR
(E,E)-methyl sorbateFL
 neryl formateFL/FR
 rose butanoateFL/FR
 tagete oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 tagete oil south africaFL/FR
green
isoamyl salicylateFL/FR
 anethum graveolens herb tinctureFL/FR
 angelica root oilFL/FR
isobutyl angelateFL/FR
isobutyl methyl ketoneFL/FR
2-isobutyl-3-methyl pyrazineFL/FR
(+)-alpha-campholenic aldehydeFL/FR
 carrot weed oilFL/FR
 celery distillatesFL
 celery ketoneFL/FR
 cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
 cumin acetaldehydeFL/FR
 cyclamen aldehydeFL/FR
 cyclohexyl ethyl alcoholFL/FR
dextro-dihydrocarvoneFL/FR
(E,Z)-2,6-dodecadienalFL/FR
alpha-farneseneFL/FR
alpha-farnesene isomerFL/FR
 galbanum oilFL/FR
 heptanal (aldehyde C-7)FL/FR
(E,E)-2,4-hexadienalFL
(Z)-2-hexen-1-olFL/FR
(Z)-4-hexen-1-olFL/FR
(Z)-3-hexen-1-olFL/FR
(E)-4-hexen-1-ol 
(Z)-3-hexen-1-yl salicylateFL/FR
3-hexenyl 2-methyl butyrateFL/FR
 hexyl 2-methyl butyrateFL/FR
2,4-ivy carbaldehydeFL/FR
 linalool oxideFL/FR
 marigold pot absoluteFL/FR
 nerolidolFL/FR
3-nonanoneFL/FR
 oakmoss absoluteFL/FR
 ocimene quintoxideFL/FR
1-octen-3-yl acetateFL/FR
 phenyl acetaldehyde dimethyl acetalFL/FR
3-phenyl propionaldehydeFL/FR
2-phenyl propyl alcoholFL/FR
3-propylidene phthalideFL/FR
(Z)-rose oxideFL/FR
(E,E)-sorbyl acetate 
 sorbyl acetateFL
 terpinyl propionateFL/FR
 wasabi root 
herbal
 anethum graveolens herb oilFL/FR
 anthemis nobilis flower extractFL/FR
 anthemis nobilis flower oil romanFL/FR
 apium graveolens seed oilFL/FR
 apium graveolens seed oil indiaFL/FR
sweet basil absoluteFL/FR
wild carrot seed oil terpenelessFL/FR
 carum carvi fruit oilFL/FR
 celery seed oleoresinFL
 cilantro herb oil egyptFL/FR
 clary sage absoluteFL/FR
 clary sage oil franceFL/FR
 coriander oleoresinFL/FR
 coriander seed oilFL/FR
 daucus carota fruit oilFL/FR
 dill weed oil cubaFL/FR
 dill weed oil reunionFL/FR
3,6-dimethyl-3-octanolFL/FR
 hop absoluteFL/FR
 hop oilFL/FR
 hyssop oilFL/FR
 ilex paraguariensis leaf solid extractFL/FR
 linalyl formateFL/FR
 marigold oil mexicoFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum herb oilFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum leaf oil americaFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum leaf oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum leaf oil indiaFL/FR
 origanum majorana oilFL/FR
 origanum oilFL/FR
 origanum oil greeceFL/FR
curled parsley seed oilFL/FR
 petroselinum crispum seed oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 prenyl salicylateFL/FR
 rosmarinus officinalis extractFL/FR
 rosmarinus officinalis tinctureFL/FR
 salvia sclarea oilFL/FR
 thyme absoluteFL/FR
 wormwood oil americaFL/FR
 wormwood oil italyFL/FR
 wormwood oil polandFL/FR
honey
 ethyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
 phenethyl phenyl acetateFL/FR
 phenyl acetaldehydeFL/FR
juicy
 lychee mercaptan acetateFL/FR
lactonic
gamma-heptalactoneFL/FR
gamma-octalactoneFL/FR
licorice
 estragoleFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum herb oil vietnamFL/FR
 ocimum basilicum leaf oil terpenelessFL/FR
medicinal
 dimethyl benzyl carbinolFL/FR
summer savory oilFL/FR
 phenethyl salicylateFL/FR
minty
 betula lenta bark oil americaFL/FR
 carvyl acetateFL/FR
(-)-menthoneFL/FR
(-)-isopulegolFL/FR
oily
isophytolFL/FR
orris
 costus root oilFL
 orris capronateFL/FR
powdery
beta-naphthyl ethyl etherFL/FR
soapy
 dodecanal (aldehyde C-12 lauric)FL/FR
1-dodecanolFL/FR
solvent
1-heptanolFL/FR
spicy
 allspice oilFL/FR
alpha-amyl cinnamyl alcoholFL/FR
para-anisyl methyl ketoneFL/FR
 benzyl isoeugenolFL/FR
 cassia bark oil chinaFL/FR
 cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetalFL/FR
 cinnamyl formateFL/FR
 cubeb oilFL/FR
(-)-cubenolFL/FR
 cumin flavorFL
 cumin oleoresinFL
 cumin seed 
 cumin seed absoluteFL/FR
 cumin seed oilFL/FR
 cumin seed oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 cuminum cyminum fruit extractFL/FR
 cuminum cyminum fruit oil turkeyFL/FR
 cuminyl alcoholFL/FR
black currant bud absoluteFL/FR
 hop oil CO2 extractFL/FR
 methyl cinnamateFL/FR
 methyl isoeugenolFL/FR
 murraya koenigii leaf oil indiaFL/FR
 nutmeg oilFL/FR
2-octanolFL/FR
black pepper oilFL/FR
 perillaldehydeFL/FR
3-phenyl propyl alcoholFL/FR
winter savory oilFL
annus wormwood oil vietnamFL/FR
terpenic
para-cymeneFL/FR
tropical
alpha-amyl cinnamaldehydeFL/FR
vanilla
 ethyl vanillinFL/FR
 vanillyl acetateFL/FR
waxy
 decanolFL/FR
 decyl acetateFL/FR
 ethyl laurateFL/FR
alpha-hexyl cinnamaldehydeFL/FR
 hydroxycitronellalFL/FR
 mimosa absolute franceFL/FR
 nonanolFL/FR
woody
 ambroxanFL/FR
 amyris wood oilFL/FR
isobornyl acetateFL/FR
 cistus twig/leaf oilFL/FR
beta-damascenoneFL/FR
 frankincense oilFL/FR
 guaiacwood oilFL/FR
 methyl cedryl ketoneFL/FR
 patchouli oilFL/FR
 perilla alcoholFL/FR
 vetiver oil haitiFL/FR
 
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Potential Uses:
 acaciaFR
 blackberryFR
 boldus oil replacer 
 cakeFL
 caraway seedFL/FR
 cinnamonFR
 cookieFL
 cumin oil replacerFR
 currant black currantFR
 dill weedFL/FR
 eucalyptus oil replacerFR
 fernFR
 gooseberryFR
 greenFR
 hawthornFR
 hay new mown hayFR
 herbalFR
 lettuceFL
 lilacFR
 lilyFR
 lily of the valleyFR
 magnoliaFR
 mimosaFR
 myrrhFR
 orange bitter orange peelFL/FR
 orrisFR
 pineFR
 privetFR
 resedaFR
 rose white roseFR
 sapFR
 spiceFR
 strawberryFR
 vegetableFL
 violetFR
 wallflowerFR
Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Occurrence (nature, food, other): note
 ajowan seed oil turkey @ trace%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 anise seed
Search Trop  Picture
 beef
Search  PMC Picture
 bergamot plant wild
Search Trop  Picture
 boldo leaf oil italy @ 0.18%
Data  GC  Search Trop  Picture
 boldus leaf oil chile @ 0.10%
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 brandy
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 caraway
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 caraway oil
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 caraway plant
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 carrot seed
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 cascarilla bark oil @ 0.05%
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 cassia bark
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 cinnamon bark
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 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon bark
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 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon bark oil
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 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon leaf
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 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon root bark
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 cinnamon ceylon cinnamon stem bark
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 cistus oil @ 0.1%
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 clove bud
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 clove fruit
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 cubeb oil @ 0.01%
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 cumin
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 cumin oil
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 cumin seed
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 cumin seed oil
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 cumin seed oil egypt @ 25.01%
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 cumin seed oil turkey @ 18.7%
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 dill
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 eucalyptus camaldulensis dehn. leaf oil jerusalem @ 3.90%
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 eucalyptus camaldulensis dehnh. leaf oil ethiopia @ 4.60%
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 eucalyptus deaneti maiden leaf oil ethiopia @ 5.00%
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 featherfew leaf oil @ trace%
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 grape
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 hyssop shoot
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 labdanum oil @ 0.77%
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 laurel leaf oil turkey @ 0.10%
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 lavandin oil grosso @ 0.02%
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 layana oil kenya @ trace%
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 layana oil wild zimbabwe @ trace-0.50%
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 layana oil zimbabwe @ 0.2%
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 marjoram
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 mentha longifolia (l.) huds. oil jordan @ 0.10%
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 mikan peel oil @ trace%
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 nepeta denudata benth. oil iran @ 0.40%
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 parsley
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 petitgrain sweet oil @ 0.60%
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 pteronia oil @ 0.50%
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 rugula herb
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 santolina oil @ 1.83%
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 thyme
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 valerian root oil @ trace-0.1%
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 wormwood oil cuba @ 0.93%
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 wormwood oil italy @ 0.2%
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 yarrow leaf oil @ 1.00%
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Synonyms   Articles   Notes   Search   Top
Synonyms:
 benzaldehyde, 4-(1-methylethyl)-
 benzaldehyde, p-isopropyl-
 cumaldehyde
 cumic aldehyde
p-cumic aldehyde
para-cumic aldehyde
 cumin aldehyde
 cuminal
 cuminic aldehyde
p-cuminic aldehyde
 cuminic aldehyde FCC
 cuminyl aldehyde
4,1-methyl ethyl benzaldehyde
4-(1-methyl ethyl) benzaldehyde
4-(methylethyl)benzaldehyde
4-(1-methylethyl)benzaldehyde
4,1-methylethylbenzaldehyde
4-propan-2-yl benzaldehyde
4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde
4-isopropyl benzaldehyde
p-isopropyl benzaldehyde
para-isopropyl benzaldehyde
4-isopropyl benzene carboxaldehyde
p-isopropyl benzene carboxaldehyde
para-isopropyl benzene carboxaldehyde
p-isopropyl-benzaldehyde
4-isopropylbenzaldehyde
p-isopropylbenzaldehyde
para-isopropylbenzaldehyde
4-isopropylbenzenecarboxaldehyde
p-isopropylbenzenecarboxaldehyde
para-isopropylbenzenecarboxaldehyde
4-isopropylbenzenecarboxylate
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Articles:
US Patents: 3,993,604 - Alicyclic compounds, their use and process for preparing same
PubMed: Chemistry, technology, and nutraceutical functions of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L): an overview.
PubMed: Characterization of the most odor-active compounds in an American Bourbon whisky by application of the aroma extract dilution analysis.
PubMed: Floral scent of Canada thistle and its potential as a generic insect attractant.
PubMed: Characterization of the most odor-active compounds in an American Bourbon whisky by application of the aroma extract dilution analysis.
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